Magulu kalembedwe wa mneni Russian. Mneni m'chiganizo ndi

Pamene tifuna pofotokoza ntchito zina kapena chikhalidwe cha phunziro la kulankhula, ife ntchito mneni. Mneni m'chiganizo anafotokoza nkhani kanthu, kukhalapo kwake mu khalidwe linalake ndi zina zotero.

M'lingaliro kwambiri ambiri, mneni amatanthauza njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo zikuphatikizapo mfundo zingapo deta monga kufotokoza kanthu (jambulani), chikhalidwe (anasintha), malongosoledwe a ndondomeko (otaya) ndi malongosoledwe a zoyenda (kuthamanga).

Mneni ali siyana mpaka kalekale ndipo sanali kalembedwe. Zonse mbali kalembedwe (Magawo) ndi mosamalitsa mawu. Zikuphatikizapo maonekedwe, belo, reflexivity ndi transitivity. Kumaphatikizaponso, koma akufotokozedwa siyana, mneni conjugations. kalembedwe wake sizinasinthe ndipo ndi zonse. Little kapena ayi potengera kalembedwe pano mu mitundu yonse ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau a. Zikuphatikizapo nthawi, tsiku, munthu, maganizo ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi.

M'nkhani ino tione zimene mneni, mneni kalembedwe siyana ndi mitundu ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau.

Category ndingaliro

gulu Izi zikusonyeza ubale pakati pa kanthu mneni-mkhalidwe ndi zenizeni. Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ntchito m'njira zitatu zosiyana za ndingaliro.

Zimasonyeza chikusonyeza ndondomeko weniweni kapena kanthu kuti kale kuchitika, kumatenga panopa kapena zidzachitika m'tsogolo. Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu kusintha maganizo nthawi (ankalemekeza - m'mbuyomu, panopa ndi m'tsogolo).

Makonzedwe maganizo subjunctive amatchedwanso. Izi zikusonyeza kanthu zenizeni zimene akanatha chinachitika. Kwenikweni, ndi tinthu "kuti" nthawi zambiri anasonyeza. Mwachitsanzo, "Ine adzakhala Moscow", "anathamanga kusitediyamu."

Motelo - ovuta kwambiri ndingaliro kusonyeza mankhwala zopempha, zilakolako ndi zikhumbo kuchitapo kanthu. kasewenzetsedwe ka mau amenewa anapanga ntchito kusinthidwa mneni mathero nthawi ino (mawonekedwe ungwiro kwa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau) ndi tsogolo (mawonekedwe wangwiro kasewenzetsedwe ka mau). Choncho, n'kofunika kwambiri mtundu wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu chimodzi osiyana kutha "s" 2 munthu. Mwachitsanzo, "Thamanga, fulumirani."

The Category

View - gulu la mneni kuti akufotokoza njira kuchita chinthu ndi kumasonyeza pamene ndipo kwautali ndondomeko udzachitika. View wangwiro ndi wopanda ungwiro. Kuyambira mutu zikuonekeratu kuti mau a mtundu wangwiro zikusonyeza wina malire kanthu: mwina koyamba kapena komaliza (koma ayenera kutha kapena anayamba ena nthawi). kasewenzetsedwe ka mau Imperfective amasonyeza njira popanda kutchula kutha. View ndi yomangika ya mneni kugwirizana. kasewenzetsedwe ka mau Imperfective zidzasankhidwa ndi njira zitatu zosiyana za nthawi (nthawi kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane m'munsimu): m'mbuyomu, panopa ndi m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, "kuyenda", "kuyenda", "pitani". kasewenzetsedwe ka mau Perfective ndi nyengo ziwiri: m'tsogolo ndipo m'mbuyomu.

Category nthawi

Time - m'gulu la mneni kusonyeza kanthu anachita ndi chiŵerengero cha mphindi makamaka wa kulankhula. Kuyambira nkhani pamwamba Kudaonekeratu poyera kwa ife kuti pali mitundu itatu ya nthawi.

• Panopa - ndondomeko amatenga malo pamene akupita.
• Mbuyomu - ndondomeko inatha pamaso tinapita za izo.
• Tsogolo - ndondomeko imene ndithu pambuyo ndondomeko kulankhula.

Mitundu ya tenses yalelo osati formalized mawu a galamala, pamene m'mbuyomu mitundu yomangika anapangidwa ndi suffix "-l-" kapena ayi suffix. Mwachitsanzo, 'kuthawa-L-"kapena" Ine ndinatenga ".

Category Transitional

gulu mneni akusonyeza chiŵerengero cha ndondomekoyi ndi chinthu makamaka. Malingana ngati muli ndi mwayi kupita ku mneni chinthu kapena ayi, iwo anawagawa mitundu iwiri: kasewenzetsedwe ka mau transitive ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau intransitive.

• Transitive kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kusonyeza kanthu kuti imatumizidwa iliyonse chinthu. Nawonso, anawagawa: kasewenzetsedwe ka mau chilengedwe (Pangani, soldering, kusoka), kasewenzetsedwe ka mau a chiwonongeko (kugona tulo, kupuma), kasewenzetsedwe ka mau nzeru (kuyang'ana ndi kumva), kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kufotokoza kutengeka (kuuzira, kuchita), komanso mawu maganizo ndi mawu (conceptualize, kulankhula).
• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau Intransitive amasonyeza zimenezi sangapite chinthu makamaka. Ena mwa iwo: kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, kusonyeza ndondomeko ya umunthu (adzaikidwa), kuwonetseratu ndondomeko ya kayendedwe (kuthawa kuwuluka), kuwonetseratu udindo winawake (kuvutikira, kuti akwiye, kugona), kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kusonyeza mtundu wa ntchito (chiphunzitso, kuphika) akuloza njira yochita zinthu zina (plume, frills) potsiriza, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, zimasonyeza wa zithunzi ndi Makutu kuzindikira (chowala mphete).

Category chikole

Mneni gulu, kusonyeza ubale nkhani akuchita ndondomeko (kanthu), njira yokha ndi chinthu, poyerekezera ndi zomwe zimachitika imagwiridwa (kanthu). Pali mitundu iwiri ya ina: udakali chabe. Yogwira mawu - limasonyeza kuti nkhaniyi adzaitana chilli kuti zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kanthu kapena ndondomeko. Pankhani ya mawu chabe ndi osiyana. Pankhaniyi, nkhani ikugwilizirana ndi chinthu, imene anachita kanthu makamaka ku zinthu zina kapena anthu. Mawu chabe tingasonyezere ndi suffixes kapena njira yapadera participles chabe.

Category alipire

kasewenzetsedwe ka mau awa a gulu la kasewenzetsedwe ka mau intransitive. fomu iyi makamaka zowonetseredwa ndi ntchito postfix "Xia". kasewenzetsedwe ka mau amenewa anawagawa m'magulu osiyana alipire. Malinga ndi ofunika, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau amenewa anawagawa zotsatirazi magulu 4 N:

• Ndi kobwereza ako - ntchito pamene kanthu amachitira munthuyo. Mwachitsanzo, "oyera, wokonzeka kukhumudwa."
• Matanthauzo kubwerera - ntchito pamene kanthu anafotokoza pamagulu awiri, umalimbana ndi mzake. Onse munthu mu nkhani iyi ndi nkhani ndi chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, "kuona, kulankhula."
• Ayi returnable - ntchito pamene zochita anachita ndi munthu chidwi chawo. Mwachitsanzo, 'kusonkhanitsa (kusonkhanitsa zinthu okha), anatsimikiza (kusankha chinthu ndekha). " Iwo akhoza angandisindikizirenso mu dongosolo la ntchito "Mthandizi".
• Obschevozvratnye - anagwiritsa ntchito njira zina amamangidwa ndi mkhalidwe wa nkhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo, "nkhawa, zodabwitsa, kukwiya."

Category nkhope

gulu ili, kutanthauza chiŵerengero cha munthu kuchita ndondomeko, ndi amene amanena izo. Pali mitundu itatu ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu chiganizo munthu.

• The mneni munthu woyamba mmodzi ntchito pamene ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi wolankhulayo.
• The mneni woyamba munthu mochulukitsa ntchito pamene ndondomeko chikachitika kulankhula ndi munthu wina.
• Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mwa munthu wachiwiri mmodzi ntchito pamene ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi gulu lina.
• Mu wachiwiri mochulukitsa ntchito pamene ndondomeko imagwiridwa interlocutor ndi winawakenso.
• Chachitatu munthu mmodzi ntchito pamene ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi munthu amene alibe nawo kukambirana ndi.
• Munthu wachitatu mochulukitsa ntchito pamene ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi munthu amene satenga mbali mu kukambirana, ndi umunthu ena kupyola kukambirana ena.

mtundu wa gulu ndi nambala

Mtundu wa gulu ku mneni ndi amatanthauza nauni kapena puronauni, kutanthauza m'badwo wawo. Ngati munthu / chilli si wa mtundu winawake mawonekedwe, ntchito mtundu zotheka kwa gulu. Mwachitsanzo, kodi "mawa", "chisanu kunali kugwa."

Category chiwerengero chikusonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu wozengereza ndondomekoyi. Mwachitsanzo, "ophunzirawo ankaimba", "wophunzira ankaimba." gulu limeneli limakhudza uliwonse munthu chabe.