Mafuta - mchere. madipoziti mafuta. mafuta

Mafuta - mmodzi wa mchere ndi wofunika koposa padziko lonse (hydrocarbon mafuta). Ndi zipangizo za ulimi wa utsi ndi lubricants ndi zipangizo zina. Pakuti mtundu khalidwe mdima ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa mafuta chuma cha padziko lonse (mchere) dzina golide wakuda.

mwachidule

Anati mankhwala aumbike pamodzi ndi mtundu wa chimasanduka gaseous pa wina kuya (makamaka 1.2 2 km).

The pazipita kuchuluka kwa malo mafuta oyenerera pa akuya 1 mpaka 3 Km. thunthu amakhala wandiweyani Malta Near padziko lapansi, semisolid phula ndi zipangizo zina (mwachitsanzo, phula mchenga).

Malinga yapadera chiyambi ndi mipweya ya mafuta, chithunzi amene timalandira m'nkhani, ofanana ndi mpweya zachilengedwe kuyaka, komanso ozokerite ndi phula. Nthawi zina zonse utsi awa malasha amaphatikizidwa pansi dzina lina - petrolytes. Koma iwo ali gulu onse - caustobioliths. Iwo mchere kuyaka zachilengedwe biogenic.

Mgulu lino ndi mchere monga peat, shale, bituminous ndi makala bulauni, anthracite. Ndi luso la kupasuka mu zakumwa organic a mtundu (chloroform, mpweya disulfide, osakaniza mowa benzene) mafuta, monga petrolytes ena ndi zinthu wachotsa deta solvents ku peat, malasha kapena mankhwala woyengeka amatchedwa phula.

ntchito

Panopa, 48% ya ankadya mphamvu pa dziko kugwa mu mafuta (chuma mchere). Zimenezi kutsimikiziridwa.

Mafuta (mchere) - gwero la mankhwala ambiri ntchito zamanja zosiyanasiyana pa makampani mafuta, lubricants, ulusi polymeric, colorants, solvents ndi zipangizo zina.

mafuta kukula kwachititsa wokwera pa izo, ndi kutopa pang'onopang'ono chuma mchere. Izi zikutipatsa mafunso za kusintha kwa magwero mphamvu zina.

thupi Kufotokozera

Mafuta ndi madzi kuwala bulauni kuti bulauni mdima (pafupifupi wakuda) mtundu. Nthawi zina pali emarodi wobiriwira toyesa. Avereji ya maselo kulemera kwa mafuta kuchokera 220 mpaka 300 g / mol. Nthawi zina chizindikiro ichi zimasiyanasiyana mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 450 mpaka 470 g / mol. Chizindikiro kachulukidwe ake anatsimikiza m'dera 0,65-1,05 (makamaka 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mafuta lagawidwa mitundu yambiri. akuti:

• Easy. Kachulukidwe - zosakwana 0,83 g / cm³.
• Avereji. kachulukidwe anasonyeza Pankhaniyi - m'deralo kuchokera 0,831 kuti 0,860 g / cm³.
• Lolemera. Kachulukidwe - oposa 0,860 g / cm³.

Nkhanizi lili kuchiŵerengero zinthu zosiyanasiyana organic. Chifukwa, mafuta achilengedwe amakhala si ndi mfundo zake kuwira, ndipo pa mlingo woyambilira wa chizindikiro mu chimasanduka madzi. Kwenikweni ndi> 28 ° C, ndi zina ≥100 ° C (mu nkhani ya mafuta lolemera).

Kukhuthala thunthu zimasiyanasiyana mkati osiyanasiyana (kwa 1,98 kuti 265,9 mm² / s). Amaonekera ndi mafuta fractional zikuchokera ndi kutentha kwake. The apamwamba kutentha ndi chiwerengero cha tuzigawo twa kuwala, kukhuthala mafuta pansipa. Komanso, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu monga utomoni-asphaltene. Kuposa iwo, apamwamba a kukhuthala mafuta.

Kutentha yeniyeni ya thunthu - 1.7-2.1 KJ / (makilogalamu ∙ K). Chizindikiro kutentha enieni kuyaka ndi wotsika - kuchokera 43,7 kuti 46,2 MJ / kg. The dielectric zonse mafuta - 2 kwa 2.5, ndipo madutsidwe ake - 2 kuti 0,3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ masentimita-1 ohm-1.

Mafuta, amene anapereka chithunzi m'nkhani, ndi madzi flammable. Amaswa pa kutentha kwa -35 kuti +120 ° C. Izo zimatengera kapangidwe kake fractional ndi ochititsa mpweya kusungunuka.

mafuta (mafuta) zinthu zachilendo si kupasuka mu madzi. Komabe, amatha kupanga emulsions khola ndi madzimadzi. mafuta sungunuka ndi zinthu zina. Izi zachitika ntchito organic zosungunulira mtundu. Mmalo mwa kupatutsa mafuta ochokera madzi ndi mchere ikuchitika zinthu zina. Ndi ofunika kwambiri njira. Izi desalting ndi ludzu.

Kufotokozera za mipweya

Mu disclosing nkhaniyi ayenera kuganizira mbali zonse za thunthu mu funso. Ndi ambiri, mafuta hydrocarbon ndi nyimbo elemental. Chotsatira, kuyang'ana pa aliyense wa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

The zikuchokera akukhudzidwira

Natural malasha mafuta ndi osakaniza a za 1000 zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana. The Gawo izi:

• Phula chimasanduka. Ndi 80-90% ndi kulemera.
• Heteroatomic mankhwala organic (4-5%). Awa, chogwidwa ndi sulfure, mpweya ndi asafe.
• mankhwala Organometallic (makamaka faifi tambala ndi vanadium).
• The kusungunuka mpweya hydrocarbon monga (C1-C4, kuchokera magawo ochepa peresenti 4).
• Madzi (kuchokera kuda 10%).
• mchere salt. Makamaka chlorides. 0,1-4000 mg / L ndi apamwamba.
• Solutions salt organic zidulo ndi zosafunika makina (particles dothi, miyala, mchenga).

hydrocarbon zikuchokera

Kwenikweni mafuta paraffinic ali (zambiri 30-35 kawirikawiri - 40-50% ya okwana) ndi naphthenic (25-75%) mankhwala. Pamlingo wamng'ono mankhwala onunkhira azipereka. Iwo amakhala 10-20%, ndi osachepera - 35%. Izi zimakhudza khalidwe la mafuta. M'gulu thunthu mu funso pawiri osokonezeka kapena dongosolo wosakanizidwa. Mwachitsanzo, onunkhira naphthene-paraffinic.

Heteroatomic zigawo ndi malongosoledwe a zikuchokera elemental mafuta

Pamodzi ndi chimasanduka mankhwala ndi zinthu ndi maatomu zodetsedwa (mercaptans ndi monosulfides di-, thiophane ndi thiophenes ndipo ngakhale polycyclic ndi zina zotero). Iwo kwambiri bwanji khalidwe la mafuta.

Komanso mu mafuta ndi zinthu zokhala asafe. Kweni-kweni homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Iwo ankaganiza makamaka zatsalira ndi tuzigawo twa lolemera.

The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo oxygenates mafuta (asidi naphthenic, utomoni wonunkhira-asphaltene, phenols ndi zinthu zina). Kawirikawiri ali tuzigawo twa a mtundu mkulu.

Total mafuta zopezeka mu zinthu zoposa 50. Pamodzi ndi zinthu tatchula alipo mankhwala V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), CL (kuchokera kuda mpaka 2 ∙ 10-2%) ndi zina zotero. The zili zosafunika izi zipangizo zopangira ndi mankhwala minda n'kotheka zimasiyanasiyana malire lonse. Motero, kunena za mafuta mankhwala pafupifupi zikuchokera pali salembedwa yekha.

Monga chinthu zimagawidwa ndi zikuchokera chimasanduka?

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali muyezo ena. Share maganizo pa kalasi mafuta hydrocarbon. Pasakhale oposa 50%. Ngati mmodzi wa magulu a chimasanduka si zosakwana 25%, ndi anachira mafuta wosanganiza mitundu - naphthene-methane, dziko-naphthenic, naphthene-zonunkhira, zonunkhira, naphthenic, ndi zonunkhira methano-onunkhira-dziko. A chigawo choyamba iwo ali oposa 25%, ndipo chachiwiri - kuposa 50%.

mafuta si ntchito. Zopangidwa mwaluso wapatali (makamaka galimoto mafuta, zipangizo makampani mankhwala, solvents) ndi kukonzedwa.

Njira kufufuza mankhwala

Khalidwe la thunthu ayesedwa posankha wokhulupirika zomveka machenjerero a processing ake. Izi zachitika ntchito njira zovuta: mankhwala, thupi, ndi wapadera.

General maonekedwe a mafuta - kukhuthala, kachulukidwe, kutsanulira mfundo ndi zina magawo physico-mankhwala, komanso kusungunuka mafuta zikuchokera ndi kuchuluka zili utomoni, paraffin sera ndi utomoni wonunkhira-asphaltene mankhwala.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kuphunzira pang'onopang'ono mafuta amabwera pansi kuti kaphatikizidwe njira ya kulekana kwa zigawo zina ndi zosabvuta nthaŵi zikuchokera ena ting'onoting'ono. Iwo ndiye kusanthula ndi mitundu yonse ya njira thupi ndi mankhwala. The njira ambiri adziwe chachikulu mafuta kachigawo zikuchokera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya distillation (distillation) ndi rectification.

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusankha kwa yopapatiza (pafupi otentha 10-20 ° C) ndi lonse (50-100 ° C) nusu, inamangidwa pamapindikira (wokonda) lowona kuwira kutentha kwa thunthu. Kenako anagwira kukhazikitsa angathe zinthu zili payekha, mankhwala mafuta ndi mbali zawo (kerosinogazoylevyh, mafuta, distillates mafuta, dizilo ndi mafuta mafuta ndi tars), hydrocarbon zikuchokera, komanso ena chofunika mankhwala ndi maonekedwe.

distillation The ikuchitika ochiritsira distillation zida. Iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi ndime fractionating. Pankhaniyi pogonorazdelitelnaya mphamvu limafanana 20-22 ongolankhula zidutswa mbale.

Tuzigawo twa amadziŵika chifukwa cha distillation, ndiye anapatukana mu zigawo zikuluzikulu. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ikuchitika kudziwa amanena ndi katundu anapereka. Malinga ndi njira yosonyezera zikuchokera mafuta ndi tuzigawo twa kusiyanitsa gulu lake, munthu, gulu la amapanga ndi elemental nkhani.

Pamene gulu anatsimikiza payokha kupenda zili naphthenic, paraffinic, ndi zonunkhira wosanganiza hydrocarbon.

Pamene amapanga gulu kusanthula tuzigawo twa mafuta hydrocarbon zikuchokera kwa limanenedwa ngati zili avareji naphthenic, aromatics ndi nyumba zina ozungulira, komanso paraffinic unyolo zinthu. Pankhaniyi, chinthu chimodzi chinanso - mawerengedwe kuchuluka wachibale wa hydrocarbon mu naphthene ndi, paraffin ndi mabwalo.

Chimango hydrocarbon zikuchokera anatsimikiza kuti petulo ndi mpweya ting'onoting'ono. Pamene elemental kusanthula zikuchokera mafuta anasonyeza kuchuluka (kuchuluka) C, O, S, H, N ndi micronutrients.

The njira yaikulu ya kulekanitsa aromatics ku naphthenic ndi paraffinic ndi kulekana pa arenes ndi monocyclic ndi poly- madzi kumamatira koromatogarafe. Childs absorber Pankhaniyi akutumikira monga chinthu yeniyeni - awiri sorbent.

The zikuchokera kwa hydrocarbon mafuta zosakaniza multicomponent gulu yotakata ndi yopapatiza bwinobwino decrypted ndi osakaniza koromatogarafe (madzi kapena gawo mpweya), ndi kumamatira kapena njira zina kulekana ndi kawalidwe ndi misa spectrometric njira maphunziro.

Pamene dziko pali zizolowezi zina recess ndondomeko monga chitukuko cha mafuta, kumakhaladi kusanthula zofunika mwatsatanetsatane (makamaka mkulu-kuwira ndi yotsalira mankhwala - tars ndi mafuta lolemera mafuta).

Waukulu minda mafuta mu Russia

Pa dera la Russian miyala ya thunthu ali ndi kuchuluka kwambiri. Mafuta (mchere) - chuma dziko la Russia. Ndi mmodzi wa mankhwala waukulu katundu. M'zigawo ndi processing wa mafuta - gwero la revenues kwambiri msonkho kwa bajeti Russian.

Development wa mafuta pamlingo malonda linayamba m'ma XIX. Panthawi mu Russia pali madera akuluakulu ukugwirira ntchito mafuta. Iwo zili m'madera osiyana a dziko.

dzina gawo	kutsegula Date	recoverable Zilipo	m'madera mafuta yotulutsa
zopambana	2013	matani 300 miliyoni	dera Astrakhan
Samotlor	1965	tonnes biliyoni 2,7	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	matani biliyoni 2.3	Republic of Tatarstan
ob	1982	biliyoni 2,7. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	matani 500 miliyoni	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	matani 2 biliyoni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	matani mamiliyoni 490	Krasnoyarsk Gawo
Fedorovskoe	1971	matani 1.5 biliyoni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	matani mamiliyoni 410	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	matani biliyoni 1	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	matani 300 miliyoni	Republic of Bashkortostan

Shale mafuta mu US

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, msika wa utsi hydrocarbon wasintha kwambiri. Kupezeka kwa shale mpweya ndi chitukuko cha ulimi luso lake mu nthawi yochepa anabweretsa United States mu ambiri Anthuwa wa thunthu. zodabwitsazi amanenedwa ndi akatswiri monga "shale zisinthe". Pa nthawi, dziko chinayang'ana osachepera chochitika chachikulu. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chitukuko misa madipoziti mafuta shale. Poyamba akatswiri ananeneratu lili pafupi kutha kwa nyengo mafuta, koma tsopano ukhoza kalekale. Choncho kukhala ndi wosayenera nkhani mphamvu zina.

Komabe, zambiri pa mbali chuma chitukuko cha madipoziti mafuta shale ndi zotsutsana kwambiri. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala "Koma" mubale mafuta shale mu United States (Texas) Ndipafupifupi $ 15 pa 1 mbiya. Ndi nzeru ndithu kuti kunyazitsa zina za ndondomeko kawiri.

Mtsogoleri dziko la kupanga "chakale" mafuta - Saudi Arabia - ali chiyembekezo chabwino mu mafuta makampani shale: mtengo wa mbiya ali pano okha $ 7. Russia chikutanthauza atayika. Mu Russia, 1 mbiya ya mafuta shale ingathe za $ 20.

Malinga ndi buku tatchula pamwambapa, shale mafuta akhoza kupangidwa mu zigawo zonse zitatu za dziko. Aliyense dziko lili ndi nkhokwe kwambiri mafuta. Komabe, kudalilika mfundo pamwamba ndi lakuti, kuyambira zokhudza phindu imodzi ya mafuta kupanga shale panobe.

Katswiri H. Birg anabweretsa deta. Malinga ndi iye, mtengo wa mbiya ya mafuta shale ndi madola 70-90.

Malinga ndi Bank of Moscow katswiri wotchedwa Dmitry Borisov, mtengo wa mafuta kupanga mu Mexico ndi Gulf wa Guinea ukufika $ 80. Izi ziri wofanana panopa mtengo msika.

H. Birg komanso amanena kuti madipoziti mafuta (mafuta shale) amafalitsidwa wogawana kudutsa dziko. Kuposa kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za buku okwana anaikira mu United States. Russia nkhani peresenti 7 okha.

Kwa kupanga mankhwala pansi kulingalira nawo pokonza mabuku lalikulu la thanthwe. Kuchititsa ndondomeko monga mafuta shale, njira ikuchitika ntchito. Izi kwambiri Kukubweretsera masautso chikhalidwe.

Malinga Birge, zovuta zoterozo ndondomeko, monga m'zigawo za mafuta shale, imalipidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa Dziko Lapansi.

Ngati tingayerekezere kuti shale mafuta kupanga luso adzabwera Komanso okwanira, mayiko mitengo mafuta amangokhala kusokonekera. Koma ngati palibe kusintha kwambiri m'dera limeneli si anati.

Ndi luso alipo mafuta shale kungakhale kopindulitsa pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana - kokha pamene mtengo wa mafuta ndi $ 150 mbiya kapena kuposerapo.

Russia, malinga Birge, otchedwa shale zisinthe sadzatha kuwononga. chakuti dziko kupindula zochitika zonse. Chinsinsi ndi losavuta: kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta kubweretsa phindu lalikulu ndi yojambula mu shale mankhwala zingawonjezere wolowa ndi osauka minda zogwirizana.

D. Borisov pankhani imeneyi si choncho tisafooke. Chitukuko cha ulimi shale mafuta, malinga ndi iye, amalonjeza kugwa mu mitengo mafuta mu msika ndi dontho lakuthwa mu revenues katundu Russian. Komabe, mu nthawi yochepa, muyenera Usaope, chifukwa chitukuko shale adakali mabvuto.

Pomaliza

Natural chuma - mafuta, mafuta ndi zinthu zokhudzana - ndi chuma ka dziko lililonse limene iwo ncho. Tingaone zimenezi powerenga nkhaniyi, pamwamba.