Madzi nyanja

UN Maonekedwe anayambitsa pachaka Tsiku World Madzi, amene chikondwerero m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pa March 22. Pa ntchito imeneyi tsiku, cholinga kukhala ndi chitukuko cha chuma madzi kuti zili mitsinje, nyanja, ngalande, yosungirako, nyanja ndi nyanja, magwero mwakabisira monga chinyezi nthaka, ayezi kumalo ozizira ndi phiri kapena nthunzi mu mlengalenga. zinthu zonse zili pamwamba mabuku mobisa ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena ntchito zofuna anthu. Buku okwana (madzi, gaseous kapena olimba) Padziko Lapansi mamita biliyoni 1,39 kiyubiki, ndi kokha zosakwana 3% chuma zonse zofunikira pa katundu watsopano.

Nyanja ndi nyanja ali kuchuluka waukulu wa madzi (98%) mwa zinthu padziko. Umagwirira izo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo ndi nthawi ya chaka. Nyanja madzi lili kusungunuka ayoni kwambiri kuposa mtundu uliwonse watsopano. Komanso, mu lakuthwa kusiyana chiŵerengero zinthu kusungunuka mmenemo. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja zili pafupifupi nthawi 2.8 zambiri bicarbonate kuposa mitsinje Komabe chiwerengero molar wa iwo poyerekezera ayoni onse kusungunuka kwambiri m'munsi (0.14%) kuposa magwero mtsinje (48%). Ichi ndi chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zogona nthawi ya solutes. ndi sodium ayoni ndi chlorine ndi kusungunuka, pamene kashiamu ndi woterowu monga carbonate. Pa zili wa ayoni ambiri mu kilogalamu imodzi ya madzi nyanja motere:

• chloro (0.546 timadontho-timadontho);
• ndi sodium (0.469 timadontho-timadontho);
• mankhwala enaake a (0.0528 mol);
• sulphate (0.0282 timadontho-timadontho);
• kashiamu (0.0103 timadontho-timadontho);
• potaziyamu (0.0102 mol).

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri, zomwe amakhala ndi madzi nyanja - ndi mchere. Iwo amayezedwa pa mille (‰), ndipo ndi yosiyana kwa nyanja onse ndi nyanja. Mtengo avareji amenewa 35 ‰, i.e. 1 lita imodzi mu njira 35 ga mchere, makamaka sodium kolorayidi. Ndi amenewa avareji zikuchokera chiyambidwe cha madzi motere:

• mpweya, 85,84%;
• H 10,82%;
• chlorine 1,94%;
• 1,1292% mankhwala enaake a;
• Sodium 1,08%;
• sulfure 0,091%;
• 0,04% kashiamu;
• Potaziyamu 0,04%;
• 0,0067% bromine;
• 0,0028% mpweya.

M'madziwo pa pamwamba pa 25 ° C ali osalimba avareji 1,025 g / cm3 - ndi woposa wa oyera amene osalimba pa 25C ndi wofanana 1,003 g / cm3. Kachulukidwe - wambiri thupi kukhala wodalira molunjika pa ndende mchere ndi osiyanitsidwa cha kutentha. The zambiri kusungunuka salt wa kachulukidwe apamwamba. M'munsi kutentha kwa madzi m'nyanja, wamkulu osalimba. Kutentha pa apamwamba kachulukidwe opanda 3,52S chifukwa m'madzi komanso 3,98S kuphatikiza koyera. Koma mfundo izi osati zimasiyana gwero gwero, komanso zimadalira mozama pa zomwe anayeza. Pa kuya wamkulu osalimba angafikire mfundo za 1,050 g / cm3 kapena apamwamba. Kusintha Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera ngati chikuoneka bwinobwino za kufunika pH, amene zimasiyanasiyana mkati 7,5-8,4 (ofooka zamchere sing'anga), ndi chifukwa chikhalidwe cha ayoni kusungunuka ndi maganizo awo. Pa apamwamba pH pamwamba kuposa pa mozama. Ndale kapena pang'ono asidi mwina m'malo m'madera freshened. The apamwamba mtengo pH (wotsikitsitsa ndende ya ayoni wa hydrogen) Nthawi zonse zimene zinali pamwamba pa nyanja.

The kuzizira kutentha kwa madzi nyanja amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka amenewa (ndende ya mchere). Ndi amenewa pafupifupi izo amaundana pa kutentha mu opanda 2C. Mu 2010, izo zinalembedwa mu mbiriyakale ya kutentha wotsikitsitsa mu mtsinje pansi glacier Antarctic pamene anayeza opanda 2,6S. Pali makhalidwe ena amene amasonyeza kusiyana pakati magwero ndi masiyanidwe awo malingana magawo ena. Mwachitsanzo, liwiro phokoso pa 0C. Umadutsa malo m'madzi 1 chachiwiri 1.450 m, ndipo kupyola oyera -. 1407 mamita Sea madzi pa 25C ali ndi wochitachita kukhuthala 9,02 millipuaza. Malo oyera, makhalidwe omwewo pa kutentha yomweyo liri 8,09 millipuaza.

Nyanja madzi ntchito kumwa chifukwa cha mkulu wa ndende salt mchere. Pamene ntchito zake ayenera kumwa kwambiri madzimadzi kwambiri woyera kubweretsa onse analandira mchere ake thupilo. Choncho kumwa madzi abwino, popeza kusungunuka mmenemo zosaposa 0,001 g / cm3 salt. Chifukwa chake akusowa nyumba unsembe ndi ntchito njira yapadera chifukwa kuchepetsa mchere ndende. Zikuphatikizapo yozizira koopsa, distillation, electrolysis, ion kuwombola, chigamulocho osmosis, kulekana (hydrodynamic kupatukana). Mwachitsanzo, mu Kazakhstan, Aktau (poyamba ankatchedwa Shevchenko) inamangidwa mu 1972 ndipo anagwira ntchito kwa zaka 30, dziko yekha nyukiliya magetsi kwa desalination madzi.