Mabuku yakale yoyendera. Mbiri ya chitukuko. Oimira nyengo ya masiku amakedzana

Mawu akuti "Ancient Literature" anali koyamba ndi humanists ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, imene inkatchedwa monga mabuku a wakale Greece ndi Rome. Mawu akuti zinasungidwa mayiko amenewa, ndipo wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi Agiriki amakedzana - dziko zimene zinapangitsa mapangidwe chikhalidwe European.

Periodization mabuku a masiku amakedzana

Mbiri ya mabuku akale Kwenikweni pa chikhalidwe cha ku Girisi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali nthawi zitatu za chitukuko.

1. Nthawi woyamba amatchedwa chisanadze chakale kapena chachikale chinkawavuta. Literature anapereka m'kamwa wowerengeka luso, amene anayambitsa chifukwa cha chipembedzo achikunja. Pamafunikanso nyimbo, kukwiya, nkhani za milungu, anadandaula, miyambi, ndi Mitundu zina zambiri zimene zimapezeka folklore. Nthawi chimango za nthawi yoyamba n'zosatheka kudziwa. Mitundu Oral kusanduka kwa zaka zambiri, koma nthawi Akuti litamalizidwa - wachitatu woyamba wa ine Zakachikwi.

2. Zotolera zakale mabuku chachiwiri nthawi ali VII - IV mu. BC. e. Njirayi imatchedwa tingachipeze powerenga, monga chikugwirizana ndi nthawi mapangidwe mu Greece wa mawonekedwe chakale ukapolo. Nthawi imeneyi, pakhala m'nyimbo ndi epic ntchito zambiri, komanso prose, imene chitukuko cha chopereka yaikulu anapanga odziŵa kulankhula pagulu, Afilosofi ndi mbiri yakale. Payokha, tisaiwale V m'ma BC. e. wotchedwa golide. Malo chapakati mu mabuku a nthawi ino anatenga zisudzo.

3. Chachitatu, Agiriki nthawi mu mbiri ya mabuku akale kugwirizana ndi kukula ukapolo. Mkubwela kwa asilikali monarchical mtundu wa gulu la mphamvu ndi zosiyanasiyana lakuthwa moyo wa munthu, amene ali mwapadera kudzichepetsa kwa nthawi zachikhalidwe.

nthawi iyi kawirikawiri kutengedwa monga m'nyengo kudzitsitsa mabuku. Mmenemo kusiyanitsa oyambirira ndi gawo mochedwa Agiriki, amene akanikiza nthawi kuchokera BC III atumwi. e. kuti V m'ma BC. e. Nthawi imeneyi, nthawi yoyamba ananena yokha mabuku Roma yakale yoyendera.

nthano zakale

Maziko a nthano zakale amapanga nkhani za milungu wakale, milungu Olympians ndi otchuka.

Nthano za milungu wakale anali Agiriki ndi Aroma nthawi imene anthu anali matriarchal. Milungu ankatchedwa chthonic, kapena ankhanza.

Ndi isanayambike milungu atsogoleriwa anayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri ngati anthu. Panthawi imeneyi, pali fano la Zeus kapena Jupiter - Umulungu wapamwamba, amene anakhala pa phiri la Olympus. Ndi choncho dzina la milungu Olympic. Malinga ndi maganizo a Agiriki, zolengedwa ndi ufumu okhwima, amene adzayesa wolungama kuti womwewo umene uli mudziko lonse.

Otchuka a m'nthano zakale anali anthu zachilendo, amene anaonekera chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati zivundi ndi milungu Olympians. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri Hercules - mwana wa Zeu ndi Alcmene mwachizolowezi. The Agiriki anakhulupirira kuti aliyense wa zilembo ali ndi cholinga chapadera: kuyeretsa dziko lapansi mizukwa, imene wafunsira Gaia.

epos

Nyimbo zakale mabuku epos mtundu wanyimbo umaimiridwa ndi mayina monga Homer ndi Virgil.

Homer - ndi lodziwika bwino ndakatulo, amene amaonedwa mlembi wamkulu kupulumuka ndakatulo epic - "The Iliad" ndi "Odyssey." Magwero kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito zakhala Nthano wowerengeka nyimbo ndi nthano. Homer a ndakatulo epic zinalembedwa hexameters.

Virgil - wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma, wolemba wa lodziwika bwino epic ndakatulo "Aeneid." Mmenemo wolemba limawayamikira chiyambi lodziwika bwino kwa anthu Roma.

Mawu ndi sewero

Imodzi mwa oimira otchuka a mtundu wanyimbo lyric angatchedwe ndi poetess Sappho. Iye anali miyambo folklore amajambulapo maluwa okongola, koma anawadyetsa zithunzi ndi maganizo amphamvu. Zodziŵika poetess analandira pa moyo wake. Ntchito yake ndi monga, mabuku asanu ndi anayi a ndakatulo, koma kuti anapulumuka ndakatulo mazana awiri okha ndi mavesi m'nyimbo.

zisudzo ed anali mmodzi wa zosangalatsa anthu ambiri a ku Girisi. mabuku yakale yoyendera wa Age Golden wa Vuto limeneli akuimira mu Mitundu ziwiri: mavuto sewero lanthabwala.

Ndipotu, tsoka wakale anali opera. tate wake akuganiza kuti akale Greek Wolemba wina Aeschylus. Iye walemba oposa 90 masewero, koma akupezeka masiku athu, zokha. Chimodzi mwa mavuto otchuka Aeschylus ndi "Prometheus adzamangidwa" amene fano akadali ntchito ndi olemba.

Zosowa zakale sewero lanthabwala anali ndi cholinga ndale. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa anthu a mtundu wanyimbo ichi - Aristophanes - mu comedies wake "The World" ndi "Lysistrata" limaletsa nkhondo pakati Greece ndi Sparta. Comedy "akavalo" atadzudzulidwa kwambiri zolakwa za demokalase zimene zinkachitika mu Athens.

Magwero a mtundu wanyimbo prose

Mndandanda wa mabuku akale prose mtundu wanyimbo ukufanizidwa koposa zonse, dialogues Plato. The zili ntchito izi zikufotokozedwa kupyolera mu kulingalira ndi mkangano pakati interlocutors awiri, amene ndi kupeza choonadi. The ngwazi waukulu dialogues Plato anali mphunzitsi wake Socrates. mawonekedwe zambiri amatchedwa "Socratic kukambirana".

30 amadziwika Plato dialogues. Wotchuka ambiri a iwo bodza Atlantis, "Phwando," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus."