Mbiri ya chilengedwe. "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" - epic buku Ln Tolstoy

"Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" - ntchito yaikulu. ndi mbiri ya buku epic chiyani? L. N. Tolstoy sanapite mowirikiza ndinkadabwa chifukwa moyo zimachitika, ndipo sakanachita ... Inde, ndi chiyani ndi momwe Ikuyenda ndondomeko kulenga kulenga ntchito zopambana za nthawi zonse? Ndipotu, akulemba anatenga zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri yaitali ...

Mbiri ya buku "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" umboni woyamba wa chiyambi cha ntchito

Mu September 1863 mu Yasnaya Polyana kalata kwa atate Sofi Andreevny Tolstoy - AE Bers. Iye analemba kuti tsiku kale kuti Lvom Nikolaevichem analankhula yaitali za nkhondo anthu otsutsana Napoleon ndi za nyengo wonse - wotchuka uja uyamba akulemba buku wodzipereka ku zochitika zazikulu ndi losaiwalika m'mbiri ya Russia. Kungotchula kalatayi si mwangozi, chifukwa ankaona kuti ndi "woyamba molondola umboni wa" chiyambi cha waukulu Russian analemba buku "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere". Umboni wa zimenezi ndi, mpukutu wina analembedwa chaka chomwecho, patatha mwezi umodzi: Tolstoy analemba msuweni za lingaliro lake latsopano. Iye anali atachita kale nawo ntchito pa buku-epic za zochitika m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri ndi ku 50s lapansi. Mochuluka bwanji makhalidwe mphamvu, mphamvu pamafunika kugwira munakonzera? - Iye anati, ndi angati iye kale, ndipo adalemba ndi kuganizira zonse monga n'kuti "sadalembe kapena kuganizira za."

Ganizo loyamba

Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha buku Tolstoy a "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" akusonyeza kuti cholinga choyambirira cha wolemba anali kulenga buku la tsoka zovuta za Decembrists amene anabwerera mu 1865 (nthawi ya chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom) kwawo pambuyo pa zaka za ukapolo ku Siberia. Koma posakhalitsa, Leo anamva chisoni lingaliro natembenukira kwa zochitika m'mbiri ya 1825 - nthawi ya kugalukira Decembrist. Chifukwa, ndi lingaliro wakhala anasiya: achinyamata protagonist anatenga malo motsutsa likhale nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu 1912, m'khutu ndi ulemerero pores kwa anthu onse Russian, amene nawonso, anali kugwirizana china mu unyolo wa zochitika za chaka 1805. Uzani Tolstoy anaganiza kuyambira pachiyambi - chiyambi cha m'ma 19 - ndi moyo mbiri theka m'zaka za boma Russian mothandizidwa ndi khalidwe kuposa wina waukulu ndipo anapereka wa zithunzi.

Mbiri ya buku la "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" kapena "Nthawi atatu"

Tipitirize ... Indisputably, chithunzi choonekera bwino za wolemba m'buku limapereka nkhani yake wa chilengedwe ( "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere"). Choncho, nthawi ndi malo a buku omwe afunsidwa. wolemba zimapangitsa zisudzo chachikulu - ndi Decembrists, atatu mbiri yakale kwambiri kutalika kwa nthawi, choncho dzina lenileni "Nthawi atatu" ntchito.

Mbali yoyamba chimakwirira nthawi kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma 19 mpaka 1812, pamene ngwazi za unyamata chinachitikira ndi nkhondo pakati Russian ndi Napoleonic France. Chachiwiri - ndi 20s, wopanda kulolerana chofunika kwambiri - kupanduka wa Decembrists mu 1825. Ndipo potsiriza, lachitatu ndi chomaliza gawo - zaka 50 - kubwerera ku ukapolo wa opandukawo anapatsidwa ufulu ndi mfumu pa maziko a masamba zomvetsa chisoni m'mbiri Russian monga yochititsa manyazi kugonjetsedwa mu Crimea nkhondo ndi imfa ya Nicholas I.

Chabwino, buku zomangidwa ndi ukulu ati akhale padziko lonse ndipo amafuna osiyana luso, ndipo wapezeka. Mawu a Tolstoy a "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" - si Nkhani zakale, osati ndakatulo, kapena ngakhale buku ndi mtundu wanyimbo latsopano mabuku - epic buku, kumene tsoka la anthu ambiri ndipo mtundu wonse imakhudzana ndi zochitika odzitukumula mbiri .

mazunzo

Ntchito mankhwala zinali zosavuta kwambiri. Mbiri ya chilengedwe ( "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere") limanena kuti nthawi zambiri, Tolstoy anatenga masitepe oyamba ndi yomweyo anataya kulemba. The Archive a wolemba, pali Mabaibulo khumi la chaputala choyamba cha ntchitoyi. N'chiyani? Kodi ankabwerera Russian namatetule? Chikhumbo kufotokoza bwinobwino maganizo awo, omwe achipembedzo komanso cha nzeru za malingaliro awo, kufufuza, masomphenya ake a mbiri, kupereka ziyenera awo njira umoyo ndale, ntchito yaikulu osati mafumu, osati atsogoleri, ndi mtundu wonse mu mbiri ya dzikoli. Zinkafuna khama yaikulu kwambiri mphamvu zonse zauzimu. Kangapo anali sangapambane ayambirenso chiyembekezo kukwaniritsa mapulani athu mapeto. Choncho mfundo buku, ndi mayina a Mabaibulo oyambirira a "Nthawi atatu", "Zonse ziri bwino Latha Chabwino", "1805". anasintha, monga Tingaone kangapo.

Nkhondo ya 1812

Choncho, ambiri kulenga kuwaza wolemba inatha kuchepetsa munthawi - Tolstoy ukukhudza awo onse pa 1812 nkhondo Russia "Grand Army" ndi French Mfumu Napoleon, ndi okha epilogue anakhudza pa chiyambi cha kayendedwe Decembrist.

Fungo ndi phokoso la nkhondo ... Pakuti kuphunzira ndimakokedwe tinafunika yaikulu zakuthupi. Izi zopeka za nthawi, ndi mbiri yakale, Maulendo ndi makalata a m'nthawi ya zochitika zimenezo, mapulani nkhondo, malamulo ndi malangizo a asilikali ... Mu wolemba anapulumutsa ngakhale nthawi kapena khama. Kuyambira pachiyambi, iye anakana mbiri yakale kuti asankha kusonyeza kuti nkhondo monga nkhondo ya mafumu awiri, zotamandira chimodzi kapena chimzake. Wolemba si angasokoneze nyota awo ndi kufunika kwake, koma apatsa patsogolo anthu ndi mzimu wawo.

Monga izo zingakhoze m'zimene amazipanga chidwi nkhani ya chilengedwe. "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" monyadira mfundo ina chidwi. Pakati pa mipukutu osungidwa ndi wina waung'ono, komabe zofunika chikalata - pepala ndi zolemba za wolemba, anapanga pamene anali pa munda wa Borodino. Pa iye akuonetsedwa m'chizimezime, kuonetsera kwenikweni kumene ena midzi anali. Apa ndi zooneka ndi mzere wa kayendedwe ka dzuwa pa nkhondo yokha. Zonsezi zikhoza anati, Wamaliseche zina zachidule, akhakula drafts zimene anali kuyembekezera kenako pansi pa cholembera cha wanzeru kuwasandutsa chithunzi chenicheni zosonyeza kwambiri nkhondo ya Borodino, zonse kuyenda ndi moyo, mitundu zachilendo ndipo phokoso. Zovuta kuzimvetsa ndi zodabwitsa, si choncho?

Chance ndi namatetule

Tolstoy pa masamba a buku lake analankhula kwambiri za malamulo a mbiri. mfundo wake umatanthauza kumoyo, iwo woyenera kwambiri pa nkhani ya ntchito zazikulu, makamaka mbiri ya chilengedwe. "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" wopyoza magawo ambiri kukhala mwaluso kwenikweni.

Science limati vuto onse mwayi ndi namatetule: choncho mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito njira luso mumpanda mbiri theka m'zaka za Russia, ndi wanzeru - Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - anapezerapo mwayi wa izo. Koma amatanthauzanso funso latsopano ndi choncho, kodi mwapang'ono. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi mawu tangolikonza kufotokoza zimene zili zosamvetsetseka, koma ena - sikutheka kukana, ndipo ena woyeneradi awo ndi phindu, osachepera, akuimira "pamlingo winawake kumvetsa zinthu."

Kodi nanga lingaliro yokha ndi mbiri ya buku "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" - mpaka kumapeto kuti tipeze Sikutheka pamaso pa mfundo anabala wobadwa yekha, kuti "mwayi". Komanso - zambiri, werengani buku, ndipo sitingathe kulingalira mphamvu kuti mzimu wa munthu kapena m'malo wapamwamba-munthu, amene anali wokhoza zovala maganizo kwambiri ndi akatswiri malingaliro mu mawonekedwe chodabwitsa - ". Namatetule" kotero kuti

Motalikira careening patsogolo pathu mndandanda wa "Nthawi", m'pamenenso kumawala nkhope namatetule wa wolemba Zikuonekanso, timayamba kufika namatetule chinsinsi cha Tolstoy ndi choonadi wosamvetsetseka ali mankhwala. Koma ili ndi nkhambakamwa. Kodi kuchita? Tolstoy anakhulupirira mwa luntha Zimatheka a dongosolo la dziko - ndi renunciation wodziwitsa cholinga chapamwamba kwambiri. Ngati timazindikira kuti cholinga cha kupanga buku mtheradi palibe ife, adzakhala aleke ku mavuto onse, zooneka ndi zosaoneka, aganiza wolemba kuyamba kulemba ntchito, kumvetsa, kapena osiririka kusangalala, cholinga kutumikila zolinga za kwathunthu kuya wamba ake wopandamalire, osati nthawi zonse mosavuta nzeru za anthu. Monga Wolemba ananena pamene ntchito pa buku la, cholinga chachikulu cha wojambula si kusamvana mfundo za nkhani ndi mwachidule ndi kukankhira owerenga chakuti chikondi cha moyo mu mawonekedwe ake onse ambirimbiri, kotero kuti iye analira ndi anaseka pamodzi ndi m'nkhaniyi.