Romanticism monga gulu zolembalemba. Romanticism mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 19

otaya Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zikuluzikulu luso mu chikhalidwe cha XIX atumwi mu Russia, Europe ndi America. Romanticism monga gulu zolembalemba anabadwa cha m'ma XVIII mochedwa, koma anafika chitukuko lake lalikulu mu 1830s ndi. Popeza 1850s oyambirira, nthawi wayamba kupita kuchepa, koma ulusi wake anakoka kupyolera lonse XIX atumwi, kupereka maziko m'madera monga ophiphiritsa, makhalidwe otayirira ndi Wachiwiri-romanticism.

Zikamera wa romanticism

Akuti malo malangizo a Europe, makamaka Britain ndi France, motero dzina la malangizo luso - «romantisme». Chifukwa chake kuti romanticism cha m'ma 19 anatuluka monga chotsatira cha French kuukira boma.

The utasintha anawononga wolowezana lonse analipo kale, chipwirikiti anthu ndi strata chikhalidwe. Mamuna atoma osungulumwa, ndipo anayamba kufunafuna kumacheza ndi njuga ndi zosangalatsa zina. Against maziko awa, ndi lingaliro kuti onse a moyo ndi nyama zomwe pali opindula ndi otaika. The ngwazi yaikulu ya ntchito chikondi cha aliyense amakhala munthu kusewera ndi tsoka, ndi tsogolo.

Romanticism Kodi

Romanticism - chinachake chimene alipo kokha m'mabuku: zachilendo, zosaneneka ndi wosangalatsa zochitika, nthawi yomweyo kugwirizana ndi mfundo za munthu pamoyo wake wauzimu ndi kulenga. Makamaka zinthu zikuchitika motsutsa likhale chilakolako anasonyeza otchulidwa onse yasonyeza ndi zilembo, nthawi zambiri okutidwa ndi mzimu wopanduka.

Olemba nyengo Achikondi ankalemekeza mfundo yakuti mtengo waukulu ku moyo - adzadziwire munthu. Munthu aliyense - ndi dziko osiyana zonse za kukongola chodabwitsa. Apa pali onse kukopedwa kudzoza ndi lalitali maganizo, ndipo pali chizolowezi idealize.

Malinga novelists, ndi abwino - chiphunzitso cha ephemeral, komabe ali ndi ufulu kulibe. ganizoli ndi kupitirira onse wamba, kotero mbali yaikulu ndi malingaliro ake amagwira zotsutsana ndi mabwenzi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zinthu zakuthupi.

mbali chosiyana

Features wa Romanticism monga kayendedwe zolembalemba ngati maganizo zikuluzikulu ndi mikangano.

The lingaliro lalikulu la pafupifupi mankhwala - zonse kayendedwe wopambana mu malo thupi. Zimenezi monga izo zimanyezimiritsa kusokonekera kwa moyo, izo mosalekeza panopa maganizo ndi pa nthawi yomweyo - kusintha mu padzikoli.

Monga kayendedwe ambiri luso Romanticism ali pankhondo yake. Apa, mfundo lonse zachokera ubale zovuta za protagonist ndi dziko lakunja. Iye ali kwambiri wodzikonda ndipo nthawi yomweyo apandukire zoipa, olaula, zinthu zakuthupi zenizeni kuti pena akuwonetseredwa mu zochita zake, maganizo ndi mfundo za munthuyo. Kwambiri kutchulidwa nkhani imeneyi zitsanzo za romanticism zolembalemba: Childe Harold - khalidwe waukulu "Haji Childe Harold" Byron ndi Pechorin - kuchokera "Hero Nthawi" Lermontov.

Ngati ife mwachidule pamwamba, likukhalira kuti maziko a mankhwala aliwonse ofanana - kusiyana zenizeni ndi idealized dziko kuti ali m'mbali lakuthwa kwambiri.

Romanticism mabuku European

European romanticism cha m'ma 19 kwambiri kuti ambiri ake a ntchito zake ndi maziko wosangalatsa. Awa zambiri lowoneka nthano, nkhani lalifupi komanso mabuku.

Mayiko waukulu umene romanticism monga gulu zolembalemba anali ambiri mochititsatu kaso, ndi France, Britain ndi Germany.

Izi chodabwitsa luso ali magawo angapo:

1. zaka 1801-1815. Yambani kumanga aesthetics chikondi.
2. zaka 1815-1830. Zikamera ndi ukuyenda kumene, kutanthauzira postulates zofunika malangizowo.
3. zaka 1830-1848. Romanticism wavala maonekedwe kwambiri ndi anthu ena.

Lirilonse la maiko awa anapanga, zake zopereka wapadera kuti chitukuko cha anati chodabwitsa chikhalidwe. Mu France, ndi chikondi ntchito zolembalemba anali ochekenera ndale, olemba ankadana kwa bourgeoisie latsopano. chimangidwe Malinga ndi lipoti French, adatayika umphumphu wa munthu, kukongola ndi ufulu wa mzimu.

Mu mwambo English Romanticism analipo kwa nthawi yaitali, koma mpaka cha m'ma XVIII sanali kuoneka monga gulu osiyana zolembalemba. English ntchito, motsutsana ndi French, wodzala ndi Gothic, chipembedzo, folklore dziko, chikhalidwe, osauka ndi mayanjano ogwira ntchito (kuphatikizapo tanthauzo wauzimu). Komanso, English prose ndi mawu wodzazidwa ndi kuyenda m'mayiko ndi maphunziro a kumayiko ena akutali.

Mu Romanticism German monga gulu zolembalemba anakopeka ndi nzeru idealist. Zapansi zitsulo payekha ndi munthu ufulu oponderezedwa feudalism ndi maganizo a chilengedwe monga dongosolo wamoyo. Pafupifupi ntchito German ndi lodzala ndi mawunikidwe pa moyo wa munthu ndi moyo ndi mzimu wake.

Europe: Zitsanzo za ntchito

Zina mwa ntchito kwambiri noticeable ntchito European zolembalemba izi amaonedwa kukhala mu mzimu wa Romanticism:

- ndi lonena "Genius a Chikhristu" nkhani "Atala" ndi "Mnazareti" Chateaubriand;

- Kunena "Dolphin", "Corinna, kapena Italy," Germaine de A Stael;

- buku "Adolf" Benjamin zonse;

- buku "avomere Mwana wa Century" Musset;

- buku "Cinq-Mars," Vigny;

- Ndondomeko "Mawu Oyamba" kwa mankhwala, "Cromwell" buku "Notre Dame de A Paris" Hugo;

- sewero "Henry III ndi bwalo wake", mndandanda wa mabuku za Musketeers, "n'kulemba Monte Cristo" ndi "Koroleva Margo" Dumas;

- Kunena "Indiana", "apaulendo", "Horace", "Consuelo" Zhorzh Sand;

- Ndondomeko "Racine ndi Shakespeare" Stendhal;

- ndakatulo "Old Woyendetsa Sitima Yapamadzi" ndi "Kristabel" Coleridge;

- "East ndakatulo" ndi "Manfred" Byron;

- gulu la ntchito za Balzac;

- buku "Ivanhoe" Valtera Skotta;

- nthano "huwakinto ndi Rose" buku "Heinrich Von Ofterdingen" Novalis;

- kusonkhanitsa nkhani yochepa, nthano ndi nkhani ya HOFFMANN.

Romanticism mabuku Russian

Russian romanticism cha m'ma 19 anayambitsa mchikakamizo mwachindunji mabuku Western. Komabe, ngakhale, kuti anali ndi makhalidwe ake, amene amasunga akudziŵa nthawi yapita.

Izi chodabwitsa luso mu Russia kwathunthu akuganizira ogwira ntchito zapamwamba ndi boma zikuwanyansa kwa bourgeoisie kulamulira, makamaka, kuti njira yake ya moyo - mosadziletsa, chiwerewere ndiponso wankhanza. Russian romanticism kwa zaka za m'ma 19 anali chotsatira chenicheni cha maganizo opanduka komanso chiyembekezo kwa zikuluzikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko.

anatsindika mumaganiza awiri mu mabuku a nthawi: a maganizo ndi boma. Woyamba zinali zochokera kufotokoza ndi kusanthula makhalidwe; wachiwiri - pa Kukwezeleza polimbana anthu masiku ano. General ndi lingaliro lalikulu la novelists onse ndi ndakatulo kapena mlembiyo anachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zolinga zimene iye anafotokoza ntchito yake.

Russia: Zitsanzo za ntchito

Chitsanzo chapadera cha Romanticism mabuku Russian za m'ma XIX - ndi:

- nthano "Ondine", "wamndende wa Chillon", ndi ballad "Mfumu ya Nkhalango", "Msodzi," Zhukovsky "Lenora";

- Ntchito za "Eugene Onegin," "Mfumukazi Spades" ndi Pushkin;

- "Usiku woti Khirisimasi" ndi Gogol;

- "A Hero Nthawi" Lermontov.

Romanticism mabuku American

Mu America, azimuth anali pang'ono kenako chitukuko: siteji koyamba kuti kunayamba zaka 1820-1830, malangizo - zaka 1840-1860 za m'ma XIX. Pa onse magawo yekha motengera zipolowe ku France (zomwe wafunsira kulengedwa kwa US), kotero mwachindunji ndi America (a nkhondo yomenyera ufulu ku Britain ndi nkhondo pakati pa North ndi South).

Luso malangizo American Romanticism umaimiridwa ndi mitundu iwiri: abolitionist, mulandu kumasulidwa ku ukapolo, ndi kum'mawa, idealized munda.

mabuku American nthawi imeneyi chifukwa cha kudziwana ndi redefining Mitundu anagwira ku Europe ndi wothira njira yoyamba ndi mayendedwe a moyo pa akadali latsopano ndi pang'ono yodziwa Chile. ntchito American wa molemera flavored intonation dziko, tanthauzo la ufulu ndi kulimbana ufulu.

American romanticism. Zitsanzo za mankhwala

- mndandanda wa "Alhambra" nkhani "mzimu mkwatibwi", "kunyenga Van Winkle" ndi "Nthano ya tulo dzenje," Washington Irving;

- buku "The Last wa Mohicans" ndi James Fenimore Cooper;

- ndakatulo "nkhungubwi" nkhani "Ligeia", "Golden Chikumbu", "Kugwa kwa Nyumba ya wothandizira" ndi zina E. Allan Poe;

- buku "ulusi wofiira Letter" ndi "Nyumba ya Zisanu Gables" Gorton;

- buku "Typee" ndi "buku la Moby Dick" Melville;

- buku "kanyumba Amalume Tom," Harriet Beecher Stowe;

- ndi nthano ndakatulo ya "Evangeline" "Nyimbo ya Hiawatha", "Chibwenzi cha Miles Standish," Longfellow;

- magulu "Masamba a Grass," Whitman;

- nkhani "Mkazi mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Century" ndi Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism monga gulu zolembalemba anali ndi mphamvu pa nyimbo, zisudzo ndi kupenta - yokwanira kukumbukira zisudzo ambiri ndi zithunzi za nthawi imeneyo. Izi zinachitika makamaka chifukwa makhalidwe m'madera amenewo aesthetics mkulu ndi kutengeka, pathos ndi ungwazi, chivalry ndi idealization wa umunthu. Ngakhale kuti zaka Romanticism anali mwachilungamo yochepa ankakhala, zilibe bwanji kutchuka mabuku olembedwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mu zaka khumi zotsatira - ntchito mabuku a luso la nthawi ankakondedwa komanso kulemekezedwa ndi anthu lero.