Epic chiri. Main epic Mitundu

Patsogolo polimbana ndi mtundu wanyimbo epic, muyenera kudziwa chimene chikuchititsa mawu. Mu maphunziro zolembalemba, mawu zambiri adzatchedwa zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

Pali gulu monga mtundu wa zolembedwa. Okwana pali atatu, ndipo aliyense zikuphatikizapo angapo mankhwala ndi mtundu wofanana wa kulankhula gulu lake. mfundo ina yofunika - wina uli osiyana mu zofunika pa phunziro, chinthu, kapena mchitidwe wa akuti luso.

The mbali yaikulu

Gulu kiyi anatsimikiza ndi kugawa mabuku - mawu. Kwakukulu ndi chinthu akuonetsedwa kapena imabereka otchulidwa kukambirana, kapena akufotokoza udindo wa aliyense wolankhula.

Lang'anani, mwamwambo pali mitundu itatu ya mabuku. Imeneyi, ndakatulo, yadzaoneni.

mtundu wa mabuku

Ngati sewero chikusonyezera munthu zosemphana ndi ena, ndi mawu umalimbana mawu a maganizo ndi malingaliro a wolemba, ndi Mitundu epic zikutanthauza kuti cholinga chithunzi cha munthu zimavuta ndi padzikoli.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa zinthu, chikhalidwe, mavuto chilengedwe chikhalidwe ndi masoka. Pachifukwa ichi kuti epic polemba chinenero mabuku zosiyanasiyana kwambiri kuposa sewero kapena ndakatulo. luso logwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha kuya amalola wolemba kupereka ulemu wapadera kwa malongosoledwe ndi ofotokozera. Izi zimachititsa kuti achipongwe, ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa bwana kamangidwe, mitundu yonse ya mafanizo Zining'a, etc. Izi ndi zina zambiri - wophiphiritsa mwatsatanetsatane.

Major epic Mitundu

Kuyambira chochuluka kwa epic komanso a Mitundu zotsatirazi: epic, buku ndi ntchito imene imagwa pansi matanthauzo onse. Izi akuti generic anasiyanitsa Mitundu yaing'ono monga nkhani, nkhani, etc.

Yadzaoneni tinganene kuti ndi matanthauzo awiri:

1. Yaikulu Nkhani, cholinga chimene ali apadera zochitika m'mbiri.

2. The yaitali ndi zovuta mbiri, womwenso zosiyanasiyana zochitika ndi zilembo.

Zitsanzo za mtundu wanyimbo epic ndi "Matama Don" ntchito za mabuku Russian, MA Sholokhov ndi "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" Ln Tolstoy. Mabuku onse ndi khalidwe chiwembu, kuphimba zaka zingapo sewero mbiri ya dzikoli. Mbali yoyamba ndi World Choyamba ndi Civil nkhondo, kuwononga Cossacks, yomwe ndi zilembo zazikulu. epic Tolstoy za moyo wa anthu otchuka ndi mbiri ya nkhondoyo ndi Napoleon, nkhondo wamagazi, ndi kuyatsa Moscow. kulemba kulabadira zosiyanasiyana m'nkhaniyi ndi malo, osati kupanga khalidwe kamodzi protagonist ntchito lonse.

Buku, monga ulamuliro, penapake zochepa epic akukhudza ndi zolinga si anthu ambiri pa kutsogolo. Nthawi zambiri, akuti angathe kutanthauziridwa monga "prosaic nkhani zambiri zokhudza moyo wa protagonist ndi chitukuko cha umunthu wake." Chifukwa cha limapezeka ndiponso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana polemba chinenero, ndithudi, ndi wotchuka kwambiri mu mabuku.

M'malo yosokoneza maganizo a buku la lilili kuti m'kagulu zosiyanasiyana ntchito, nthawi zina ukasintha osiyana Chrixitu. Pali maganizo a zosayembekezereka wa chodabwitsa mu masiku amakedzana ( "Satyricon" wa Petronius, "Golden Eagle" Apuleius). chiphunzitso More anthu ambiri zikamera wa buku mu m'badwo wa heyday chivalry. Izo zikhoza reworked wowerengeka epic nthano kapena wocheperako ( "Romance ya Renard").

Anapitiriza kukula kwa mtundu wanyimbo mu Masiku ano. Zinafika pachimake m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi kulenga zapamwamba monga Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, F. Dostoevsky. Ntchito za yotsirizira nawonso buku maganizo anafotokoza monga Dostoevsky wafika pamwamba zosaneneka ku malongosoledwe a limati maganizo, ndi maganizo ndi malingaliro a anthu otchulidwa wake. Pakuti "maganizo" zino akhoza kuwonjezeredwa Stendhal.

Other boma Mitundu: nthanthi, mbiri yakale, maphunziro, zopeka, chikondi, ulendo buku, enaake, ndi zina zotero ..

Komanso, pali gulu la mabuku ndi dziko. Mitundu onsewa monga yadzaoneni. Maganizo, moyo ndi ntchito chinenero anapanga Russian, zochitika French ndi American mabuku osiyana kwambiri.

zinthu zing'onozing'ono

Malinga ndi gulu la genera mabuku, kwa epic komanso a Mitundu zotsatirazi - buku ndi ndakatulo. zochitika ziwirizi zikuimira njira zosiyana zilandiridwenso mwa olemba.

Nkhani amatenga malo wapakatikati pakati buku ndi mitundu yaing'ono. Ntchito imeneyi ingaoneke kuphimba ndi nthawi yochepa, pali munthu wina waukulu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu XIX m'ma m'dziko lathu otchedwa novellas ndi nkhani yochepa, monga chinenero akuti Russian sanayambebe kudziwika. Mu mawu ena, kuyambira zikutanthauza mankhwala alionse amene ali otsika mawu a buku la. Kutsutsa akunja zolembalemba, mwachitsanzo, mu English, mawu akuti "buku" n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu akuti "kanthawi buku» (lalifupi buku). Mu mawu ena - yochepa nkhani. Gulu la zodabwitsazi zolembalemba ndi yofanana ndi ntchito mwa mabuku.

Ngati nkhaniyo amatanthauza prose, mu ndakatulo kufanana kwa izo pali ndakatulo, chomwenso ndi ankaona kuti mankhwala buku pafupifupi. Vesi mawonekedwe zikuphatikizapo ofotokozera khalidwe la mpumulo wa epic, komanso zovuta zake mbali mosavuta maonekedwe. Izi kuphunzira khalidwe, mwambo, mmene zozama za munthuyo.

Chotero epic zitsanzo za amene angapezeke mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, anatuluka kale. mtundu wa mfundo Buku angatchedwe nyimbo lyric ndi khalidwe epic apulumuka, monga mwa mawonekedwe a nyimbo wakale Greek ndi nom. Ntchito zina ngati zolembalemba akhala lililonse kwa oyambirira akale zikhalidwe Germany ndi ku Scandinavia. Iwo akhoza zimachitika ndi epics, mwachitsanzo Russian yadzaoneni. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chikhalidwe epic munkhaniyi anakhala nsana wa mtundu wanyimbo lonse. Ndakatulo ndi ena ofanana - waukulu Mitundu yadzaoneni.

Mu mabuku amakono, ndakatulo, buku anagwetsa malo wamphamvu.

mawonekedwe yaing'ono

Taganizirani yaing'ono epic Mitundu. Ngati wolemba limafotokoza zochitika zenizeni ndipo amagwiritsa nkhani yoona, mankhwala amenewa imatengedwa kuti nkhani. Malinga zakuthupi kungakhale luso kapena publicistic.

Mitundu yaikulu ndi monga chithunzi sewero. Ndi zimenezi, wolemba woyamba ikufotokoza maganizo ndi makhalidwe a ngwazi ya. Dziko lonse n'chofunikira sekondale, ndi kufotokozera kwake umamumvera vuto ofunika. Limatchedwa chithunzi ndi kufotokozera mbiri zochokera magawo yaikulu ya moyo wa chinthu.

Ngati chithunzi - chokuchitikirani luso la nkhani mabvuto ndi gawo la utolankhani. mtundu uwu kukambirana, kucheza ndi owerenga pa mutu womwe. The wolemba ntchito - kudziwa vuto ndi kudzapereka maganizo awo pa zinthu. ankalemba zimenezi ali odzaza ndi manyuzipepala ndi periodicals ambiri iliyonse, chifukwa cha kuzama kwawo ndi kukula kwathunthu zoyenera utolankhani.

Tiyenera kutchura essays kuyenda, amene anaonekera kwa ena, ngakhalenso anasonyeza mabuku Russian zachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, sewero la Pushkin ndi "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow" A. Radishcheva anam'bweretsera wosafa kutchuka. Mothandizidwa ndi kulemba kuyenda wolemba akuyesa kukonza zidindo zake zimene anaona panjira. Ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa Radishchev, saopa kunena mwachindunji za moyo lowopsya la serfs ndi ogwira ntchito amene anakumana mu njira yake.

Mitundu epic mabuku n'kupereka nkhaniyo. Ichi ndi losavuta ndipo kwambiri yolankhulira kwa mwini ndiponso owerenga. Ntchito za mabuku Russian mu mtundu wanyimbo wa nkhani anapanga wotchuka dziko AP Chekhov. Ngakhale kuphweka dzikoli likuonekera, ndi ndi masamba angapo kulenga kukwapula zithunzi adayikidwa mu chikhalidwe chathu ( "Mamuna Mlanduwu ndi", "zowawitsa ndi zokoma", etc.).

Nkhani n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu akuti "buku", wochokera ku chinenero Italy. Ndiyeno, ndi wina pa sitepe lotsiriza la prose ndi buku (mwa ndondomeko pambuyo buku ndi nkhani). Writers amene imakhazikika mu mtundu wanyimbo ichi, otchedwa khalidwe cyclization, kapena buku ntchito m'nyuzipepala mu mode zonse, ndi zopereka.

Chifukwa nkhaniyo amakhala ndi dongosolo losavuta: chiwembu, pachimake, denouement. A liniya chiwembu chitukuko kawirikawiri kuchepetsedwa ndi amazipotokola osayembekezereka kapena zochitika (otchedwa chachikulu limba mu tchire). A njira zofanana wakhala misa ngakhale mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Mizu ya nkhani - nthano kapena wowerengeka yadzaoneni. Zotsatira za nkhani yopeka anakhala m'mene wa zodabwitsazi. Mwachitsanzo, "chikwi ndi usiku wina" anatchuka kwambiri osati dziko Arab, komanso kusonyeza zikhalidwe zina.

Uli pafupi ndi chiyambi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano mu Italy anakhala lotchuka "The Decameron" cholembera Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Ndi nkhani izi yochepa anatsegulira mtundu tingachipeze powerenga za nkhani zachilendo pambuyo nthawi Baroque.

Mu Russia, nkhani mtundu wanyimbo unakhala wotchuka m'nthawi ya sentimentalism kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, kuphatikizapo kupyolera ntchito NM Karamzin, ndi VA Zhukovsky.

Yadzaoneni monga mtundu wanyimbo palokha

Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe zolembalemba wa wa ku ndi "sewero, ndakatulo, epic," pali kuchepera akuti, akulankhula za epic ngati nkhani, chiwembu cha wochokera akutali zapitazi. Pankhaniyi, kumaphatikizapo ya images, aliyense amene amalenga chithunzi chake cha dziko, wosiyana aliyense chikhalidwe. Udindo wofunika kwambiri anagwira ntchito zimenezi wa dziko ngwazi yadzaoneni.

Poyerekeza maganizo awiri za zodabwitsazi, sitingathe za mawu a wotchuka Russian nzeru zapamwamba komanso chikhalidwe Katswiri MM Bakhtin. Kupatuka epic zakale kutali buku, iye anabweretsa mfundo zitatu:

1. Mutu wa epic - national, otchedwa mtheradi m'mbuyomu, zimene palibe umboni yeniyeni. The epithet "mtheradi" anatengedwa ku ntchito za Schiller ndi Goethe.

2. Gwero la epic wa - si mwambo dziko, osati chondichitikira, imene olemba kulenga mabuku awo. Choncho, Mitundu ya anthu epics muli maumboni zambiri lanthano ndi Mulungu, kotero kuti palibe umboni zopelekedwa.

3. epic dziko ziribe kanthu kochita ndi mphatso ndi akutali kwambiri kwa iye.

mfundo zonsezi kophweka kuyankha funso za mtundu wa mankhwala kapena mbali ina ya mtundu wanyimbo yadzaoneni.

polemba chinenero mizu ayenera anafuna mu Middle East. chitukuko wakale chikanachitika pakati pa mitsinje Firate ndi Tigirisi, ali apamwamba mlingo wa chikhalidwe kuposa ndi anansi ake. Kulima dziko zimenezi, chuma, zikamera wa malonda - zonsezi akufotokozera osati chinenero, popanda zomwe izo sizingakhale mabuku, komanso analenga chifukwa cha chiyambi cha nkhondo ya usilikali, chiwembu chimene ndi maziko a ntchito amunamuna.

Mu zaka za m'ma XIX ofukula British apeza mzinda wakale wa Nineve, womwe unali wa chikhalidwe Asuri. Palinso ndi mapale, muli nkhani otalikirana ochepa okha amene anapezeka. Kenako iwo anatha kuphatikiza mankhwala amodzi - "yaikulu ya Gilgamesh". Lidalembedwa zakale ndipo lero ankaona kuti chitsanzo wamkulu wa mtundu wanyimbo ake. Chibwenzi limakupatsani icho kwa XVIII wa - zaka XVII BC

Pakati ndi nkhani nkhani demigod Gilgamesh ndi nkhani ya ntchito yake, komanso kugona ndi zolembedwa zina zauzimu atazindikira nthano.

Chitsanzo china chofunika cha Kale, amene amalola inu kuyankha funso zimene Mitundu ndi epic - izo ntchito za Homer. Awiri a ndakatulo yake epic - "The Iliad" ndi "Odyssey" - ndi zipilala amakezana chikhalidwe wakale Greek ndi mabuku. Mawonekedwe a ntchito izi - osati milungu ya Olympus, komanso otchuka wachivundi, nthano zomwe mibadwo anali wowerengeka yadzaoneni. "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey" - prototypes a tsogolo la ndakatulo zozizwitsa za Ages Middle. Makamaka Chrixitu anatengera munda nyumba, ankalakalakanso nkhani lachinsinsi. Ndi chodabwitsa zina ukufika chitukuko pazipita ndi kugawa.

akale epic

Mawu amenewa amanena makamaka epic zitsanzo za amene angapezeke mu Europe mwa chitukuko Mkhristu kapena achikunja.

Palinso lolingana kuchuluka gulu. Choyamba theka - msanga Ages Middle. Kumene, Saga ino anasiyana ndi ife amitundu Denmark. Mpaka m'ma XI, ndi Scandinavia tidapita nyanja European, yosakidwa kuba, ntchito monga mercenaries mafumu ndipo analenga boma lawo lonse la Afrika. Izi maziko zingamuthandize, pamodzi ndi chikhulupiriro chachikunja ndi gulu la milungu analola kuti akaonekere zipilala ngati mabuku, monga "Völsunga Saga", "Saga wa Ragner chikopa mathalauza", etc. Mfumu iliyonse-anasiya amunamuna Nkhani. Ambiri a iwo akupezeka masiku ano.

chikhalidwe Scandinavia mukopedwe anansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu Anglo-Saxon. Ndakatulo "Beowulf" analengedwa pakati m'ma VIII ndi X. 3182 mizere ndikuuzeni za Scandinavia ulemerero amene poyamba amakhala konung, kenako agonjetsa chirombo Grendel, amake ndi chinjoka.

Theka lachiwiri wa nyengo anayamba feudalism. Izi French "Nyimbo ya Roland", ndi German "Nyimbo ya Nibelungs", etc. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti chidutswa chilichonse amapereka lingaliro la worldview wapadera wa anthu.

Kodi Mitundu ali m'gulu la epic nthawi imeneyi? Nthawi zambiri ndi ndakatulo, koma pali ntchito ndakatulo, mkati limene pali gawo la chinenero cholembedwa kuchokera kwa prose. Mwachitsanzo, Ndi mmene kwa nkhani Irish ( "The Saga a Nkhondo ya magazini Turied", "Bukhu la nkhondoyo Irish", "Annals Anai Ambuye", etc.).

The kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiri ndi sikelo ya ndakatulo akale anasonyeza zochitika. Ngati zipilala za m'ma XII. ankalankhula za lothandiza lonse, ndiye zaka anayamba feudalism chinthu Nkhani limakhala zenizeni chochitika (mwachitsanzo, nkhondo).

Pali ziphunzitso zingapo chiyambi cha "zozizwitsa" luso ku Ulaya. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, uyu anakhala maziko a nyimbo polemba chinenero cha cantilenas wamba m'zaka VII. Wochirikiza chiphunzitso ichi chinali Gaston Paris - wotchuka French katswiri wa Ages Middle. Cantilena otchedwa nkhani yaing'ono za izi kapena chochitika mbiri, kuvala dongosolo losavuta nyimbo (makamaka amapilira).

Kwa zaka zochuluka, "nyenyeswa" anali amaphatikizidwa mu chinachake chachikulu ndi zowombetsa mkota. Mwachitsanzo, nthano ya Mfumu Arthur, ofala pakati UK Acelt anthu. Motero, mayiko epic Mitundu kenako ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi. Pankhani ya Arthur anaonekera Kunena "Chiburetoni mkombero." Atagonjetsa mu mitundu yonse ya nkhani amafotokoza, analenga m'malo. Popeza kuti nkhani theka-nthano inasanduka choonadi zalembedwa. Round Table Knights akadali kuyambitsa zambiri mtsutso pa nkhani ya zenizeni ndi lodalirika.

A chachikulu kwa heyday wa mtundu wanyimbo achikhristu Europe panthawi imeneyo ankaona kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma, patsogolo dongosolo la kapolo ndi zikamera wa feudalism, yomwe inachokera pa utumiki wa asilikali overlord awo.

Russian epic

Russian epic muli mawu yake mu chinenero chathu - "epic". Ambiri a iwo mawu opatsirana pakamwa ku mibadwomibadwo, ndipo anthu mndandanda kuti lero akuimira mu zinthu zochititsa chidwi ndipo umasamutsidwa ku mabuku ndi owerenga, amanena XVII wa - zaka XVIII.

Komabe, dziko epic Mitundu mu Russia anali pachimake mu IX - XIII zaka zambiri, mwachitsanzo. pamaso pa nkhondo ya ku Mongolia. Ndipo ndi nthawi iyi kuwonetsedwa ntchito kwambiri mabuku a mtundu uwu.

Features epic mtundu wanyimbo kwagona amakhala kaphatikizidwe wa Chikhristu ndi miyambo yachikunja. Nthawi zambiri interlacing kumeneko kumalepheretsa mbiri yakale kudziwa kuti ena chikhalidwe cha khalidwe makamaka a chodabwitsa lapansi.

otchulidwa chifungulo cha ntchito zotero - otchuka - ngwazi za epic dziko. Makamaka bwino lomwe mu epics wa mkombero Kiev. chithu china chofanana - Prince Vladimir. Nthawi zambiri, izo zikusonyeza kuti pa dzina ili amabisa Mbatizi a Lazaro. Zimenezi, zinagwira mkangano kuti zayamba kumene Russian yadzaoneni. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti epics analengedwa kum'mwera kwa Kievan Yairo, pomwe Muscovy anali limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu zaka zingapo.

Kumene, malo apadera mu gulu dziko zolembalemba amatenga "Lay." chipilala chikhalidwe cha wakale Asilavo anayambitsanso osati kuti chiwembu chachikulu - ndi kampeni zinalephereka mu akalonga Polovtsian dziko, komanso timapezamo chifanizo cha dziko kuti azungulira okhala Russia zaka zimenezo. Choyamba ndi nthano ndi nyimbo. Zojambula mwachidule mbali polemba chinenero yadzaoneni. Nkofunika kwambiri kuti "Mau" kuyambira maganizo a zilankhulo.

anataya ntchito

kukambirana osiyana akuyenera zotsatira za m'mbuyomu, kuti sanapulumuke masiku ano. chifukwa nthawi zambiri zophweka kusowa kwa buku zalembedwa m'buku lakuti. Monga zambiri nthano adutsa pansi pakamwa pa nthawi amapeza zambiri zolakwika, makamaka zoipa konse kuiwalika. A zambiri za ndakatulo anasowa chifukwa moto pafupipafupi, nkhondo ndi masoka ena.

Tchulani zotsalira zotayika za m'mbuyomu angapezeke mu makedzana. Choncho, Roma wogwira Cicero ngakhale mu BC Ine m'zaka Iye anadandaula m'mabuku ake kuti akhala irretrievably anataya zambiri za ngwazi lodziwika bwino kwa mzindawo pa mapiri asanu ndi awiri - Romulus, Regula, Coriolanus.

Nthawi zambiri anataya ndakatulo mu zinenero akufa, ngati palibe TV chomwe chingathe kupereka chikhalidwe chawo ndi kusunga chikumbukiro cha Kale anthu. Nazi basi yaing'ono mndandanda wa magulu awa mitundu: turduly, Gauls, Huns, Goths, Lombards.

Magwero Greek pali maumboni mabuku, yoyambirira yeniyeni ya amene sanapeze kapena anasunga mu zidutswa. Izi "titanomachy", kutiuza ife za nkhondo ya milungu ndi Titans pamaso kuli anthu. Pa izo, nawonso, akutchulidwa mu zolemba zake za Plutarch, amene anakhala pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino.

Anataya kwambiri magwero a Minoan chitukuko, tikukhala mu Krete, na ciyezezo patapita chiwonongeko mwachinsinsi. Makamaka, ndi nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Minos.

Pomaliza

Kodi Mitundu ndi epic? Choyamba, ndi wa akale ndi mabuku akale, zomwe ndi zochokera chiwembu amunamuna ndi maumboni achipembedzo.

Monga epic lonse - izi ndi imodzi mwa njira zitatu zolembalemba. Pamafunikanso epics, mabuku, nthano, ndakatulo, nkhani, essays.