Kupereka mgwirizano wa 44-FZ: mikhalidwe

Amene nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito ndi makampani kapena boma akufuna kugula katundu, ntchito kapena ntchito, ayenera kukhazikitsa ntchito zawo pa gawo linalake la malamulo, 44 FZ. Mbali iyi ya malamulo a federal imaperekedwa ku zikhalidwe ndi mfundo za kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano.

Chofunika cha lamulo

Ngati mumaphunzira mosamala malamulo, mutha kupeza njira zingapo zamakono, malinga ndi momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera, monga kupeza mgwirizano.

Choyamba chofunikira chomwe chiyenera kukumana ndi chitsimikizo cha banki. Mutha kuzilandira ku bungwe la zachuma lomwe liri gawo la mabanki omwe ali ndi ulamuliro woyenera. Kusiyanitsa kuli kotheka, koma ndibwino kulingalira kokha pankhani ya mgwirizano ndi boma kuteteza dongosolo.

Komanso ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti chitsimikizocho ndi chiyani. Kuperekedwa kwa mgwirizano popanda kukonza ndizosatheka. Ndipotu, tikukamba za Chigwirizano chomwe chinalembedwera ndipo chili ndi maudindo oyenerera a bungwe la ndalama: ngati mtsogoleriyo sakukwaniritsa mgwirizano wa mgwirizano, ndiye wopindula amalandira ndalama.

Ndi momwe banki imathandizira kuti mgwirizano ukhale wogwirizana ndi kuperekedwa kwa mankhwala kapena ntchito. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti malamulowa akugwira ntchito yothetsera mgwirizanowo, makasitomala apereka zokonda pazinthu zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu bukhu la Ministry of Finance.

Maziko a chitsimikizo pansi pa 44 FL

Gawo lachiwiri la Art. 45 FZ-44 ili ndi chidziwitso chomwe chitsimikizirocho sichikhoza kuchotsedwa. Ndipo ziyenera kudalira njira zotsatirazi ndi mapepala:

- Nthawi yolondola. Chigwirizanocho chiyenera kukhala chotsimikizika kwa nthawi yonse ya mgwirizano mpaka mgwirizano woperekedwa ndi banki umakhala wogwirizana.

- Zolembedwa zoperekedwa ndi wopindula. Pankhaniyi, tikukamba za mapepala omwe phwando liyenera kukonzekera, kuwerengera ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ku banki. Popanda zikalata izi, zofunikira sizingakhale zomveka.

- Udindo wa maphwando. Mgwirizanowo ukhoza kutetezedwa kupatula kuti maphwando alemba kale zofunikira zonse polemba.

- Kutaya nthawi. Ngati chitsimikizo cha banki chimaperekedwa monga chogwirira ntchito pa mgwirizano , nthawi zambiri mgwirizano umatsimikiziridwa pa udindo wa mkulu.

- Chiwerengero cha zolemba. Ndiko kukonza ndondomeko yeniyeni ya chitsimikizo chomwe wopindula angakhoze kuyembekezera ngati wogulitsa sakukwaniritsira udindo wake pansi pa mgwirizano.

Zida za FZ-223

Poganizira za chitetezo cha banki cha mgwirizano, m'pofunika kuziganizira komanso Chigawo ichi cha malamulo. Chizoloŵezichi chimakhala chosiyana chifukwa chimakulolani kuti mukhazikitse malamulo ndi zofunikira za mgwirizano kwa omwe akugwira nawo ntchito, ndikukhala ngati maziko a Malamulo Ogulidwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake makasitomala ena amasankha 223-FZ monga maziko, ngakhale palibe zofunikira zomveka kuti pakhale mgwirizano.

Pachifukwa ichi, mgwirizanowu umatetezedwa phindu la ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa ku akaunti ya wopindula. Choncho, wogulayo ali ndi mwayi wosankha pakati pa chikhalidwe chofotokozedwa pamwambapa, chomwe chimalola kudziŵa zofunikira payekha, ndi FZ-44, zomwe zikuwonekeratu malire a mgwirizano.

Mwa njira, pali zikhalidwe zina zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa mu chitsimikizo cha banki. Ili ndi funso loperekedwa ndi wogula ndi mlangizi wa ziphatso za chiweruzo zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti kulibe kukwaniritsidwa kwa maudindo a mtsogoleri wawo, ngati chikhalidwe cholipira chiwerengero cha chitetezo.

Momwe mungapangire mgwirizano wothandizira

Ndizomveka kuti chitetezo cha mgwirizano chiyenera kulembedwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, panthawiyi palibe mawonekedwe a konkire, malinga ndi zomwe zingatheke kulembera chikalata choterocho. Koma pali malamulo ena, mwa iwo ndipo zinalembedwa chomwe chiri chofunikira kuti chiwonetsedwe mu mawonekedwe.

Ngati mukufuna kupeza lingaliro la momwe mabanki angayang'anire, ndizomveka kutsegula malo omwe anthu akugula, kumene nkhaniyi ilipo momasuka.

Anthu omwe sakudziwa kumene angapangire chitsanzo pazinthu zatchulidwa, muyenera kupita ku gawo la "Zolemba", kenako musankhe "Register ya chitsimikizo cha banki". Pakati pa chinsalu, mawindo adzawonekera, pomwe muyenera kudina pazomwe zili pa "Documents". Chotsatira chake, kupeza mauthenga okhudzana ndi chitsimikizo cha banki kudzatsegulidwa. Pano mukufunikira kupeza batani lopereka kuti muwonetse tsatanetsatane wazinthu ndikusindikizira. Chotsatira ndicho chikalata chotsatiridwa cha mgwirizano.

Chitsanzochi chikhoza kusungidwa, ndipo pamaziko ake kuti atulutse zofunikirazo.

Kodi mabanki ndi otani?

Monga momwe zinalembedwera pamwambapa, mabungwe okonza bajeti adzalandira chitsimikizo kuti adzathetse mgwirizano kuchokera kuzinthu zachuma zomwe zidzakwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Code Tax ya Russian Federation. Zofunikira izi ndi izi:

- Ntchito za banki ziyenera kuchitidwa kwa zaka zoposa zisanu;

- Sitiyenera kukhala ndi zofunikira za CBR zokhudzana ndi kuthetsa ndalama;

- kupezeka kwa chilolezo chochita ntchito za banki ;

- Ngati banki ikufuna kupereka ntchito ngati kupeza mgwirizano, iyenera kukhala nayo yaikulu, yomwe ingakhale yofanana ndi ruble 1 biliyoni kapena zambiri;

- Chofunika china ndi chakuti banki ikugwirizana ndi miyezo yoyenera, yomwe imatchulidwa ndi 86-FZ, ndipo kutsatiridwa ndi lamuloli kudzayankhidwa pa zaka ziwiri zapitazo.

Ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kuona mndandanda wa mabanki omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira. Zambirizi zili pa webusaiti ya Ministry of Finance ya Russia.

Kuwerengera

Podziwa zomwe mabanki angagwiritse ntchito pa banki zomwe zimapereka chitsimikizo, komanso phwando lokhudzana ndi malonda, ndizofunikira kumvetsa funso la ndalama.

Kotero, pamene wogula nawo ntchito atumiza ndalama kwa akaunti ya kasitomala, iwo akufotokozedwa ngati kutsimikizira kwa mgwirizano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mgwirizanowo ukangosindikizidwa, wogulawo adzabwezeretsa ndalamazo, zomwe zimatenga ndalama zokhazokha za ndalama za wogulitsa.

Pogwirizana ndi izi, mkati mwa ndondomeko ya malipoti, ndalama zomwe analandira kuchokera kwa wophunzirayo ayenera kuwonetsedwa mu nambala ya 19-23 ya nambala ya akaunti komanso nthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko 3. Motero, ndalama za wogulitsa malonda zidzatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizokhazikika.

Pa nkhani yeniyeni yomwe ikukhudzana ndi ntchitoyi, muyenera kusankha nambala 304 01. Icho chimawerengedwa kuti chiwerengero cha ndalama, chochotsedwa chomwe chiri ndi chilengedwe. Ndondomeko imeneyi iyenera kusungidwa mu nyuzipepala yosagula ndalama.

Ndondomeko ya ndalama

Pogwiritsa ntchito mutu wakuti "kutsimikizira mtengo wa mgwirizano", ndizomveka kuti tidziŵe momwe ndalama zimakhazikitsiramo kutsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wa pangano udzakwaniritsidwa.

Poyambirira, nkofunikira kudziwa zotsatirazi zokhudzana ndi ndalama zomwe makasitomala angasankhe: asanatumize pempho kapena ndalama, ayenera kupereka ndalama pa ndalama zomwe akufuna.

Monga njira yowonjezera yogwira nawo ntchito yogulitsira, mungasankhe kupereka chitsimikizo cha banki. Ngati mukumvera ndime 6 ya mutu 44 wa Federal Law, ndiye sikudzakhala kovuta kupeza chiwongoladzanja cha kubwezeretsa kwa ndalama zomwe zikukwaniritsa udindo wogwiritsa ntchito wogulitsa malonda, pambuyo pa kusankha komaliza malinga ndi zotsatira za mpikisano.

Kubwezera ndalama izi ndizofunikira nthawi, osapitirira masiku asanu ndi asanu ogwira ntchito. Ngati ndikugulitsira magetsi, ndiye kuti njirayi imatenga tsiku limodzi.

Chomwe chimatsimikiziranso kuti mgwirizano wa makampani angayang'ane

Pali mitundu yambiri ya ntchito ya mgwirizano, yomwe imapereka malamulo omwe alipo. Kotero, apa pali njira zingapo zenizeni, zomwe ntchitoyi ingagwirizane nayo:

- Chigamulo cha banki chomwe chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Art. 45 pa lamulo pa mgwirizano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti banki yopereka chitsimikizo iyenera kukhala pamndandanda wa Ministry of Finance. Ndiponso, utumiki wothandizira ukhoza kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika.

- Dipatimenti ya ndalama. Pachifukwa ichi, tikukamba za ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa ku akaunti ya kasitomala komanso kuchuluka kwa chitetezo panthawi imodzimodzi ndi 5-30% ya mtengo wapatali (woyamba) wa maere kapena mgwirizano.

Ndikofunika kuti mudziwe zambiri za ndondomekoyi: Ngati mgwirizano wamtunduwu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mabiliyoni 50, ndiye kuti ntchito yomalizayi silingagwe pansi pa 30%. N'zotheka kuti mgwirizanowo ukhalepo ndi chitsimikizo chisanayambe, panthawiyi chiwerengero cha chitetezo sayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi izi.

Malingaliro apatsitsimutso ndi kubwezeretsanso chuma

Apa chirichonse chiri chophweka: chitsimikizo chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthawi yomwe inatsimikiziridwa pokonza mgwirizano. Kuchokera pa izi zikutsatira mfundo yomveka bwino: Ngati phwando likupereka msonkhano kapena katunduyo sungakwanitse kupereka chitetezo ku mgwirizano wa malonda pa masiku ena oyambirira, zidzatengedwa kuti zasintha mapeto a mgwirizano.

Malinga ndi chitsimikizo cha banki, pali chiganizo chimodzi pano - nthawi yake imakhala yaikulu kuposa mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa maphwando kwa mwezi umodzi kapena kuposerapo.

Zomwe zingapeze mgwirizano Lembani tsatanetsatane yeniyeni ya nthawiyi, kuphatikizapo kubwezera ndalama zothandizira. Ngati muyang'ana pa lamulo, mungapeze kuti ilibe zofunikira pa nkhaniyi. Chifukwa chake, makasitomala ambiri amadziŵa nthawi yomwe adzafunikire kubwezeretsa ndalama zomwe zatsekedwa kuti zipeze mgwirizano. Pa nthawi yomweyi, nthawiyi iyenera kuwonetsedwa mu mgwirizano.

Ngati chitsimikizo chingakanidwe

Kuwonjezera pa kubwezera ndalama zothandizira, palinso mwayi wokana poyamba ntchito ngati kupeza mgwirizano. FZ imaletsa chigamulo chotero, koma nthawi zonse sizimveka bwino pazimenezi zimakhala zomveka.

Kotero, pali zifukwa zingapo za chisankho ichi:

- Chitsimikizo cha banki sichigwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zikutanthauza kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano;

- palibe chidziwitso mu bukhu la banki lomwe limapereka chithandizo chamagulu;

- kusiyana pakati pa chitsimikizo choperekedwa ndi banki, zomwe zili m'zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugula zinthu, kuyitanidwa kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali potsata wogulitsa, komanso kuzindikiritsa za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano.

Ngati kasitomala sakuona mgwirizano wotetezedwa ngati mgwirizano woyenera, ayenera kudziwitsa banki za kukana kwake polemba masiku atatu ogwira ntchito.

Chimene muyenera kudziwa potsata ndondomeko zotsutsa

Kuti athetse nkhani zoterezi, pali lamulo pa mgwirizano. Ndipo mukamamvera ndime 37 ya lamulo lino, mungapeze kuti njira zotsutsana ndi dump ziyamba kugwira ntchito panthawi imene mgwirizano wamtengo wapatali umagwera ndi zoposa 25%. Tikukamba za njira yosankhira ndalama kwa makasitomala, zomwe zimachitika mu mpikisanowo.

Chofunika kwambiri pa izi ndi izi: mgwirizano wa mgwirizano, womwe uli wokonzeka kupereka wopereka, womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi mpikisanowo, ukuwonjezeka ndi 1.5 nthawi poyerekeza ndi ziwerengero zomwe zinaperekedwa poyamba. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati ndalama zokhala ndi ndalama zofanana ndi 10% za mtengo wapangidwe woyamba wa malonda zikukhazikitsidwa mu zolemba zotsatsa malonda, ndiye kuti kuchepa kwapitirira kwa 25%, ndalama zowonjezera zidzakwera kufika 15%. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chifukwa chotsitsa chimodzimodzi ayenera kulipira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi isakhale yopindulitsa kwambiri.

Kupatula pa malamulo

Pali mtundu wina wa zitsimikizo za banki, zomwe sizinalembedwe m'kaundula. Lamulo ili limakhala pansi pa chitetezo cha mapulogalamu, omwe amachitidwa pa zochitika zotsekedwa zomwe zapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire ogulitsa, makontrakitala kapena makontrakitala. Ndipotu, ndikukhudza kugula zinthu zogwirizana ndi zinsinsi za boma. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupereka mgwirizano womwe uli ndi mfundo zomwe sungathe kuululidwa.

Zili choncho kuti kusowa kwa chidziwitso mu zolembera za chitsimikizo choperekedwa ndi banki ina sizomwe zifukwa zomveka zokana.

Zotsatira

Kuonetsetsa kuti mgwirizanowu udzagwiritsidwa ntchito sizowonjezereka, chifukwa umagwirizanitsa ndi kuwakhazikika. Panthawiyi, malamulowa akuyendetsa bwino njirayi ndipo amapereka mwayi kwa makasitomala (mabungwe a bajeti), kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi ogulitsa katundu, kuchepetsa ngozi zochepa.