Zowonongeka: zitsanzo padziko lonse ndi ku Russia

Mu lingaliro la zachuma, pali mawu ambiri osiyana. Komabe, mphamvu zawo ndizo lingaliro lokhalokha. Kugwiritsa ntchito molondola kwa mawu awa ndi zomwe zikutanthauzira zowona muzochitika zina kapena zina zimadalira mwachindunji pa nkhaniyi. Izi zimachokera kukutanthauzira kosiyana kwa lingaliro limeneli.

Chofunika cha mawuwo

Mawu oti "monopoly" mu Greek amatanthauza "mono" - imodzi ndi "polio" - ndimagulitsa. Liwu limeneli limatanthawuza zoterezi pa msika pamene kampani imodzi yokha ikugwira ntchito pa iyo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, palibe mpikisano kapena palibe mankhwala kapena maofesi ofanana omwe amapangidwa ndi aliyense.

Zoyamba zapadera m'mbiri ya anthu zidalengedwa chifukwa cha chilango cha boma. Boma linalandira malamulo opatsa ufulu uliwonse wogulitsa malonda ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena china. Komabe, mawu oti "monopoly" ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri. Malingana ndi buku lina, izi ndizochitika pamsika, pamene boma kapena bungwe lapatsidwa ufulu wokhazikika pa ntchito zachuma. Pachifukwa ichi, munthu wodzisankhira yekha, pokhapokha ngati alibe mpikisano, amadziŵitsa kufunika kwa mankhwala ake kapena ali ndi phindu lalikulu pa ndondomeko ya mitengo. Tsatanetsatane wa mawuwa ndi chikhalidwe cha msika.

Zizindikiro zazikulu zodzikweza

Akatswiri amadziwa zinthu zotsatirazi, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kulibe kampani imodzi yamalonda:

• Kupezeka kwa mmodzi kapena wogulitsa wamkulu kwambiri;
• Kupezeka kwa mankhwala omwe alibe mpikisano;
• Kukhalapo kwa malo apamwamba kwambiri oyenera kuti alowe mu makampani atsopano akhale gawo lomwelo la msika.

Pali kutanthauzira kwina kotchulidwa ku mawu akuti "kusungulumwa". Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro limeneli likhoza kutanthawuza gulu losiyana, lomwe limayikidwa patsogolo pakuyang'anira gawo lina la msika.

Zosiyanasiyana za kutanthauzira

Liwu lakuti "kusungulumwa" limamveka monga:

• Mkhalidwe wa msika kapena chimodzi mwa zigawo zake, momwe osewera yekhayo alipo;
• Kampani yokhayo yomwe imapanga ndi kugulitsa mankhwala opangidwa ndi izo;
• Msikawu ndi mtsogoleri yekha wogwira nawo ntchito.

Yopadera ya kampani imatsimikiziridwa ndi zifukwa zambiri. Komabe, zofunikira kwambiri izi ndi mlingo wa mpikisano. Ziyenera kukhala zochepa kapena zokwanira palimodzi.

Kulemba

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowonongeka. Komabe, mndandanda wawo uli ndi zifukwa zambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti mitundu ina yowonongeka yokha imatha kukhala imodzi mwa mitundu yawo. Choncho, allocate:

• Chilengedwe chokha, pamene chuma chimakhala ndi mwayi wapadera pamsika;
• Chokhachokha pokhapokha ngati pali munthu mmodzi yekha wopereka mtundu wina wa utumiki kapena katundu;
• Msonkhanowu - izi ndizosiyana siyana, koma kuphatikiza pamodzi (ZAO Gazmetall angakhale chitsanzo ku Russia);
• Kutsekedwa kokhazikika, komwe kuli chitetezero ku mpikisano mwa njira za malamulo, zovomerezeka ndi zovomerezeka;
• Chiwonetsero chotseguka, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chakuti pali munthu mmodzi yekha wogula katunduyo pamsika umene ulibe chitetezo chapadera pa mpikisano.

Kuwonjezera pa pamwambapa, palinso mitundu yina yodzisamalira. Tiyeni tione zina mwa zochitika izi.

Chilengedwe chokha

Kawirikawiri pamsika pali zochitika ngati zofunikira za katundu uliwonse zokhutira zimakhutitsidwa ndi makampani amodzi kapena angapo. Pankhaniyi, pali zachilengedwe zokha. Zifukwa zake zimakhala mwachindunji za ntchito ya makasitomala ndi njira zamakono.

M'madera aliwonse a dziko lathu lapansi muli zachilengedwe zokhazikika. Zitsanzo ndi ma telefoni, magetsi, magalimoto, etc.

Zomwe zimayendetsa zachilengedwe zimagwiranso ntchito pazinthu:

• Kutumiza mafuta, gasi ndi mafuta kupyolera mu mapaipi ofunika kwambiri;
• Mapulogalamu othandizira anthu ndi mauthenga apakompyuta ndi magetsi.

Tenga Mwachitsanzo, mafakitale amphamvu. Palinso chilengedwe chachilengedwe pano. Zitsanzo ku Russia zili 700 CHPPs, GRES ndi HPPs, zomwe zinagwirizanitsidwa ku kampani yotseguka ya RAO UES Russia. Kampaniyo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1992, pamene mphamvu zatsopano zamakono makumi asanu zinachotsedwa ku chigawo cha mphamvu zam'deralo. Pakadali pano, RAO NDIYUSU Russia ali ndi mndandanda wa mizere yamphamvu mu dziko.

Gasi lachilengedwe lokhalokha silinayambe kupitirira. Zitsanzo ku Russia ndi magulu asanu ndi atatu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito gasi, komanso makampani khumi ndi atatu oyendetsa magalimoto oyendetsa ndege ku RAO Gazprom. Gawo la kampaniyi limapereka gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ndalama zonse ku bajeti ya boma.

Gazprom imapereka 56 peresenti ya zotumizira kummawa ndi 21% kupita ku Western Europe. Iye ali ndi katundu kunja, zomwe ziri magawo m'makampani omwe ali ndi kayendedwe ka gasi ndi kayendedwe ka gasi.

Chilengedwe chachilengedwe ku Russia ndi makampani oyendetsa njanji. Gawo la maofesi a JSC Russian Railways, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa katundu kumapanga 80 peresenti ya magalimoto onse m'dzikoli. Gawo la anthu oyendetsa galimoto ndilopamwamba. Ndi 41%.

Pali zachilengedwe zina zachilengedwe ku Russia. Zitsanzo za izi ndi OJSC Rosneft, OJSC Rostelecom, ndi zina zotero.

Zitsanzo za kusungulumwa m'dziko la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe zimasiyana pang'ono kuchokera ku Russia. Zochita zalamulo za maiko a Kumadzulo mawu awa akugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Utumiki wa anthu;
• Utumiki, wofunikira kwa onse;
• Utumiki wa pa Intaneti, ndi zina zotero

Choncho, ku Great Britain palibe lamulo lovomerezeka mwalamulo kuti "zachilengedwe zachilengedwe". Zitsanzo za mabungwe omwe ndi "zofunika kwa aliyense" zimaphatikizapo nyumba za sitimayi, kutumiza ndi kufalitsa magetsi, madzi ndi kusungirako madzi. Ndipo ku France mawu oti "zachilengedwe zachilengedwe" akutsatiridwa ndi lingaliro la "ntchito zamalonda ndi zamakampani". Awa ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito pazolumikizidwe, magalimoto ndi magetsi.

Chilengedwe chachilengedwe ku Germany ndi momwe kampani imodzi imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pamsika pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena otsika, koma panthawi yomweyi kupereka phindu labwino pamtengo. Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kayendedwe ka mabomba komanso sitimayi.

Zopanga zokhazokha

Lingaliro limeneli ndi lopindulitsa kwambiri. Malingana ndi akatswiri ena, chilengedwe chachilengedwe chomwe chafotokozedwa pamwambapa ndi chimodzi mwa magulu a zachuma (odzipangira) okhawo. Pankhaniyi, tikukamba za makampani amenewa omwe adakwanitsa kupambana patsogolo pa msika.

Kodi zimakhala zotani? Zitsanzo za kutuluka kwa mabungwe akuluakulu zikuwonetsa mwayi wa njira ziwiri zokwaniritsira cholinga. Choyamba mwa izi ndi chitukuko chokonzekera, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa ndalama, ndipo, monga zotsatira, pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Njira yachiwiri ikufulumira. Maziko ake ndizokhazikitsa maziko a ndalama, kutanthauza kugwirizana kapena kudzipereka kwa mabungwe osokonekera. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, unyinji wa mabungwe akuluakulu ndi osinkhulirana umasanduka waukulu. Pali chithunzithunzi chokhazikika. Ikuphatikiza gawo lina la msika ndipo alibe ochita mpikisano.

Pakalipano, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera kwapadera kumafala. Zitsanzo za mayanjano amenewa ndizo nkhaŵa, zikhulupiliro, ma syndicates ndi cartels. Wochita malonda aliyense amayesetsa kuti apambane yekha. Ikuthandizani kuthetsa mavuto angapo omwe amakumana nawo ndi mpikisano, komanso mutenge malo omwe mumakonda. Pachifukwa ichi, wolamulira yekhayo amatha kukakamiza ena omwe akugulitsa nawo malonda ndikudzipangira okha.

Kulengedwa kwachimake kungapangidwe mosiyana. Boma ndi ntchito zake zalamulo zimatha kupereka ufulu wobala zipatso kapena kupereka ntchito kwa kampani imodzi yokha. Choncho, kumalo osungirako zinthu kumaloko kumakhalanso. Zitsanzo za izi ziri m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Awa ndi mabungwe ozikidwa ndi zofuna za boma. Chitsanzo ku Russia ndi kampani ya Mosgortrans. Amapereka likulu ndi kayendetsedwe ka pansi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma sililola ntchito pamsika kwa ogulitsa ena, ochita mpikisano wawo.

Ulamuliro wa boma

Chilengedwe chake chikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi zopinga zalamulo. Malamulo ovomerezeka amadziwitsa malire a mgwirizano wokhawokhawokha ndi mawonekedwe ake. Pankhani iyi, kampani imodzi imapatsidwa ufulu wokwanira kuchita ntchito inayake. Mabungwe awa ali pagulu. Iwo ali ochepa kwa akuluakulu, mautumiki, ndi zina zotero. Magulu a boma omwe amagwirizana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ogulitsa mafakitale amodzi. Izi zimabweretsa kusowa mpikisano msika wogulitsa.

Pali malo ogwirizana a boma ku Russia. Zitsanzo za ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi zochitika zalamulo zikulembedwa pansipa. Zikuphatikizapo:

• Zochita zokhudzana ndi malonda a psychotropic ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
• Gwiritsani ntchito mndandanda wa malamulo apamwamba ;
• Kuchokera kwa ndalama ndi kupanga kayendetsedwe kawo m'dera la Russia;
• Kujambula ndi kuyesa mankhwala kuchokera ku zitsulo zamtengo wapatali;
• Kupanga ndi kubwereka kwa ethyl mowa;
• Kutumiza ndi kutumiza kwa katundu aliyense.

Kodi dziko lachifumu lokha limasonyezedwa kuti? Zitsanzo za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu za utsogoleri zikhoza kuwonetsedwa m'madera osiyanasiyana. Iyi ndi Bank of Russia. Iye ali yekha pa bungwe, kufalitsa ndi kupereka ndalama. Amapatsidwa ufulu umenewu ndi zochita za malamulo.

M'munda wa thanzi, palinso boma lokhalokha. Zitsanzo zimakhudza kupanga mankhwala. Momwemo, FSUE "Plant Plant Moscow" imakhala ndi ufulu wokhazikika. Amapanga mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mmadera osiyanasiyana. Izi ndizo matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana, matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso ophthalmology.

M'makampani opanga malo amakhalanso ndi boma lokha. Ku Russia, zitsanzo zimagwirizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'derali, chowala kwambiri ndi Baikonur cosmodrome.

Okhazikika okha

Nthawi zina mumsika pali mkhalidwe pamene wogula ntchito pali kampani yatsopano yopereka mankhwala omwe sakhala nawo ofanana. Ichi ndi chokha chokha. Zitsanzo za zochitika zoterezi ndizoperewera. Masiku ano chodabwitsa ichi ndi chosowa. Nthawi zambiri, makampani angapo amatsutsana. Pakali pano, monga lamulo, pokhapokha ndi kuthandizidwa ndi boma pakhoza kukhalanso wodzisunga. Zitsanzo mu nkhaniyi zingaperekedwe kokha pa nkhani zomwe zimapereka mankhwala awo pamalonda. Yophweka kwambiri, pamene kampani ikulamula mtengo wake kwa ogula. Komabe, mtengo wa mautumiki kapena katundu wa malo okhazikika angathe kulamulidwa ndi boma. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mabungwe ogwirira ntchitowa adzatetezedwa kuti asalowe m'ntchito zawo za otsatsa malonda ndi malamulo a boma.

Chitsanzo chodziyeretsa chokha ndicho ntchito ya kampani "Aluminum Company" (USA). Mu 1945, mphamvuyi inagonjetsa kugawidwa kwa bauxite ku America. Zinthu zakale zokhazokha ndizofunikira kwambiri kupanga aluminium.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha ukonde wodzikweza ku Russia ndi makampani apamtundu wa magetsi ndi gasi yopereka malo. Kuwonjezera apo, awa ndi makampani omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a madzi. Zida ndizo zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za mabungwe ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi.

Tsegulani zokhazikika

Msika umakhalapo pamene kampani iliyonse imayambitsa kupanga chinthu chatsopano. Koma mosiyana ndi kuyerekezera koyera, boma siliteteze izo mwakukwanitsa mpikisano. Pankhaniyi, pali kutsegulidwa kwatseketsa, komwe kungafananidwe ndi mtundu umodzi wa ukonde wodzilamulira. Kwa kanthawi kampaniyi ndiyo yokhayo yopereka mankhwala atsopano. Otsutsana ndi makampani amenewa amawonekera pamsika panthawi ina.

Ngati mumapereka zitsanzo za kutsegulira kwachinsinsi, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kukumbukira Apple yampaniyo, yomwe inali yoyamba kupereka wogula maluso othandizira.

Zogwirizana zogwirizana

Nthaŵi zina pamsika pali zinthu pamene katundu akuperekedwa ndi wogulitsa mmodzi, ndipo chofunika chikuchokera kwa wogula amodzi. Uwu ndi umodzi wokhawokha. Muzochitika izi, wogula ndi wogulitsa amadziwana. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amagula ndi kugulitsa katundu wotsirizidwa poyendetsa bwino mitengo. Zitsanzo za mgwirizano wina wokhudzana ndi mgwirizanowu umagwirizana ndi zochitika ngati sitima ikugulitsa katundu wake ku boma. Izi ndi kugula zida ndi Ministry of Defense, ndi kutsutsidwa ndi mgwirizano umodzi kwa aliyense ntchito.

Kutsiliza

Kulemba kwa malo osungirako malamulo ndizofunikira. Makampani ena ali ovuta kunena kuti mtundu umodzi kapena wina wazinthu zachuma. Ambiri a iwo ali a mitundu yambiri ya zosiyana. Chitsanzo cha izi chingathe kukhala mabungwe amalonda, kutumikila ma telefoni. Izi zikuphatikizapo magetsi ndi magetsi. Zonsezi ziri ndi zizindikiro osati zachilengedwe zokha, komanso zachitsekedwa chotsalira. Zitsanzo zingagwirizane ndi mbali zina za ntchito.

Komabe, nthawi zambiri udindo wa bizinesi umasintha kwambiri. Choncho, ubwino wokhalapo wokhawokhawo siwowonjezera. Mkhalidwe pa msika wa mabungwe ogulitsa amenewa akhoza kusintha pamene akupanga zamakono zamakono ndi otsutsana. Makhalidwe otsekedwa osungirako amakhalanso osakhazikika. Madalitso onse ndi maudindo omwe apatsidwa akhoza kuthetsedwa ndi ntchito zatsopano zowonetsera malamulo.