Kukongola kwa Baikal

Kuchokera ku mbali zosiyana za alendo ozungulira dziko lapansi amakondwera kukongola kwakukulu kwa nyanja yakuya kwambiri padziko lapansi. Monga lamulo, amasankha nthawi ya chilimwe kuti ayendere, kotero anthu ochepa amadziwa mmene Baikal amaonekera. Ngati sikunali nyengo yovuta ya malowa, maulendo a nyengo yozizira akanakhala opambana ngati chilimwe.

Nyanja yayikulu

Malinga ndi asayansi, Baikal ndi nyanja yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, inakhazikitsidwa zaka 20-30 miliyoni zapitazo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tectonic padziko lapansi. Malo okongolawa ndi osasunthika, kotero apa pali malo ambiri otentha, koma a Baikal okhawo amatha kuwopsya maonekedwe a moto kuchokera pansi pa ayezi, omwe akuwonetsedwa ndi mboni zowona.

Mzindawu uli kum'mwera kwa Siberia, mamita 455 pamwamba pa nyanja, nyanjayi ili ndi nyanja yamtunda kuposa makilomita 1800 ndi kutalika kwa makilomita 636 ndipo imafanana ndi mwezi.

Kuzama kwakukulu kwa malowa ndi pafupifupi mamita 1640, zomwe zimamulola kuti akhale malo olemekezeka kwambiri mu Guinness Book of Records, koma zosiyana ndi za Baikal sizikuya mozama monga momwe zilili.

Pokhala malo osungirako madzi (20% mwa malo osungirako nthaka), nyanjayi ili pamalo pomwe chilengedwe palokha chimasamalira kukhalabe oyera. Masiku ano, pafupi ndi nyanja yonseyi ndi malo osungira, ndipo kuyambira 1996 Baikal ali pa List of World Heritage List, ndipo chinthu choyamba chimene anthu amamva akamayandikira ndi fungo la singano, chifukwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja yonse muli nkhalango.

Matenda ophera tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akhala akudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira kale. Mfundo yakuti iwo akuzungulira nyanjayi si ngozi. Ndi mitengo ya coniferous yomwe imachepetsa nyengo yozizira kwambiri, imapangitsa kutentha kwa 10 ° C kusiyana ndi Irkutsk yomweyi, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 70 kuchokera ku dziwe, zomwe sizilepheretsa, ngakhale kuti madziwa amathira madzi kuyambira October mpaka kumapeto kwa April. Anthu omwe adawona chithunzi cha Baikal yozizira kwambiri akuwonetseratu zosaoneka bwino za ayezi, zomwe simukuziwona kwinakwake pa dziko lapansi.

Nyengo

Eastern Siberia imatchuka chifukwa cha nyengo yoziziritsa yamakontinenti, koma kuti Baikal azunguliridwa ndi mapiri ndi gombe lomwe liri ndi nkhalango za coniferous zakhala ndi microclimate yake m'dera lino. Zodabwitsa zake n'zakuti nyengo yozizira ndi yoopsa kuno, ndipo chilimwe, m'malo mwake, ndi yozizira kuposa m'madera ena a dera. Madzi ochulukirapo amachititsa nyengo, nyengo ya kutentha yomwe imasinthasintha kumbali ya nyanja kuyambira 21 ° C m'nyengo yozizira mpaka +15 ° C m'nyengo ya chilimwe, komanso kuyambira -25 ° C mpaka 17 ° C kumbali ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Baikal imadziwika ndi masiku angapo a dzuwa. Mwachitsanzo, apa zikuwonekera m'maola 2350, pomwe pa Riga nyanja - ma 1839 okha. Ngati tilingalira nyengo, ndiye chilumba cha Olkhon (masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi (49) otsutsana ndi 49 pa Nyanja ya Baikal lonse). Mwa njira, pa iyo ndi mphepo imagwa pang'ono.

Pafupipafupi, masiku 125 akupezeka pa masiku a m'nyanjayi, pomwe Olkhon ali ndi zaka 75 zomwezo. M'malo amenewa, mvula imakhala yochepa, yomwe imakondweretsa alendo, ambiri amafuna kubwera kuno kudzawona malo otchuka.

Akanadziwa kuti Nyanja ya Baikal imawombera (chithunzi m'munsimu), ndiye kuti amasintha mizimu kuti ipeze chithunzi chachikulu chomwe chimalengedwa ndi chirengedwe chokha: kutsetsereka kwa madzi ndi madzi.

Dambo lapadera

Padziko lapansi mulibe malo ambiri okhala ndi madzi abwino komanso owonetsetsa. Ngati malo oyamba m'derali akukhala ndi nyanja ya Sargasso, yomwe imaonekera mamita 65, ndiye yachiwiri ndi Baikal yomwe ili ndi mamita 40, ngakhale kuti malo ake akuunikira ndi dzuwa, ndi mamita 112, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zamoyo zowonongeka zomwe zikukhala kumeneko.

Kukhazikika kwa nyanja yamadzi ndi mpweya kumaonekera momveka bwino pamene Baikal yachisanu imakhala yozizira kwambiri ndi chitsanzo chokongola chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mphepo. Kuwonetsetsa kwa madzi a m'nyanjayi kumaperekedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amakhala mmenemo, ndipo pamapangidwe ake ali pafupi kwambiri kuti asungunuke, monga momwe amachitira mineralized.

Nyanja imadyetsedwa ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu 336 komanso kuchokera ku 544 mpaka 1123 magwero osadziwika omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku kusungunuka kwa ayezi kumapiri kapena pansi. Angara ndi mtsinje wokha womwe umachokera m'nyanjayi, ndipo madzi ambiri a Baikal ndi Selenga.

Delta wa Selenga

Ndi madzi ake omwe amapanga pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya kuchuluka kwa nyanjayi, ndipo mtsinje wa mtsinje, womwe umapangidwa ndi ziweto zambiri ndi zilumba, uli ndi makilomita oposa 1000. Kumalo ano Nyanja ya Baikal yozizira ikuwoneka mosiyana kusiyana ndi gawo lake lalikulu:

• Choyamba, malo a confluence a Selenga ndi opapatiza pa nyanja ndipo mtunda wa pakati pa mabanki ndi 26 km (gawo lalikulu kwambiri ndi 81 km);
• Chachiwiri, madzi otentha a mtsinjewu amapanga podtaliny m'munsi mwa ayezi, kotero apa ndi ochepa kwambiri odalirika ngakhale ndi makulidwe akulu;
• Chachitatu, ming'alu imapangidwira pano, kuwonetsa ngozi yaikulu kwa iwo omwe anaganiza zopita mofulumira kapena kusuntha Baikal ndi galimoto, monga ena a iwo amafika kuchokera mamita mita kufika mamita 4 m'lifupi.

Mitsinje yotsalayo yomwe ikudyetsa nyanjayi ndi yochepa kwambiri, koma imathandiza kuti chiwonongeko chonse cha madzi ake chikhale choyera.

Lake Waves

Baikal sali wotchuka chifukwa cha kuwonetseredwa kwake, komanso mphepo, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi dzina lake ndi mphepo pa nthawi inayake. Chifukwa cha iwo, galasi la nyanja silimakhala chete. Mwachitsanzo, pamtunda wa Olkhon gate of the wind, amawoneka mamita mamita awiri, ndipo mumadzi osalimba pomwe Selenga amapita ku dziwe mpaka kufika mamita 6.

Monga lamulo, mphepo yamphamvu imayamba kuno kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo pomalizira nthawi yonse yophukira. Anthu amderalo anawapatsa maina awa:

• Verhovik. Ikubwera kuchokera kuchigwa cha Angara chapamwamba ndipo ikhoza kuwomba popanda kuima kwa masiku khumi, popanda kuyambitsa mafunde a madzi pafupi ndi gombe, koma pakatikati pa nyanja ikunyamula mvula yoyera. Kutalika kwawo kuli kosafunika mu August, koma kufika pa mamita 4 mu November.
• Barguzin. Kutonthozedwa popanda mphepo kumakhala kosangalala ndi chilichonse, chifukwa kumabweretsa nyengo yozizira.
• Koma za kultuk izi sizingathe kunenedwa, chifukwa maonekedwe ake akuphatikizapo mvula, mphepo ndi mkuntho.
• Chowopsya kwambiri, chomwe chikufika msinkhu wa mamita 40 / s, ndi mphepo ya Sarma. Zimayambitsa mkuntho wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo ikhoza kuwomba tsiku, popanda kuchepetsa liwiro lake.

Mphepo zoterezi zikamenyedwa mu November, munthu akhoza kuona chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri: mafunde oundana a Nyanja ya Baikal, yomwe siinagwe pansi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ojambula ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amabwera, ngakhale nyengo yosasangalatsa, kuchotsa nthawi ino. Zithunzi za Baikal zozizira zikhoza kuwonedwa m'magazini otchuka kwambiri omwe amasonyeza malo apadera ndi zochitika zapadziko lapansi.

Miyezi yozizira

Izi zimachitika nthawi yaitali ndipo zimayamba ndi mapangidwe a filimu yoyamba yofiira, yomwe imangowonongeka ndi mafunde. Kenaka pamphepete mwa nyanja, kumangidwe kwa ayezi kumapangidwira pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa madzi ndikuitanidwa ndi anthu pamphepete mwa nyanja.

Kumene mafunde akugwera pamatanthwe, stalactites amazirala amawoneka, atapachikidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Baikal wachisanu akupereka chisanu ku chimodzi chotsiriza. Monga lamulo, mitsinje yambiri yomwe imadyetsa iyo ndi yozizira. Ndipo pa kutentha kwa -20 ° C imayamba kumangirira kuthamanga kwa liwiro la 4-5 masentimita pa tsiku.

Kumbali yake ya kumpoto nyanjayi imakhala ndi madzi oundana kwa miyezi 6, ndipo mabwinja a madzi oyandama omwe akuyandama angapezeke muno mu June, pamene kumwera kwa gombeli kumakhala miyezi 4-4.5 yokha.

Moyo Wopanda Chipale

Mfundo yakuti Baikal imawombera mamita angapo, amadetsa nkhawa anthu ake. Kawirikawiri, chipale chofewa m'nyanja sichiposa mamita 2, chomwe chimapangitsa kuyenda pa galimoto yolemera matani 15.

Zabwino kuposa zonse, zowonongeka za lacustrine algae zimatenga nyengo yozizira, zomwe sizichepetsa ntchito zawo pansi pa ayezi, koma, mosiyana ndizo, zimachulukitsa zinyama zawo ku 100 g / m ² .

Motero chiwonetsero cha nzeru chimaoneka kuti pamene ayezi amapangidwa, amachititsa kusiyana pakati pa usana ndi usiku, kutentha kwa madzi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, phokoso limene limapanga panthawi ya kugunda silopansi pa mphamvu ya artillery salvo. Mu ming'alu yomwe imapangidwa mu ayezi, mpweya umalowa, kulola nsomba kukhalabe pansi pa ayezi mpaka kasupe.

Malo otentha

Baikal ozizira ndi maso apadera kwambiri, omwe mungachoke panyumba yofunda komanso yofewa ndikuyendetsa hafu ya dziko lapansi. Iye, wolemekezeka ndi wovuta, amasiya zosaoneka zosaoneka bwino kuchokera ku chipale chofewa chachitsulo, chomwe iwe umatha kuona zomera, nsomba ndi mafunde ambiri a mpweya.