Kuchulukana kwa dzikoli: ayankhe

Demographers kuomba Alamu: ndi kuchulukana kwa dzikoli chaka chilichonse umakhala ndi lofunika kwambiri panopa vuto lathuli. Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu akufuna tsoka chikhalidwe ndiponso chilengedwe. mumaganiza oopsa akukakamiza akatswiri kufunafuna njira yothetsera vutoli.

Kodi pali chiwopsezo?

mafotokozedwe zowombetsa mkota wa kuopsa ndi kuchulukana kwa dzikoli kwagona kuti mu nkhani ya mavuto zaziwerengero mu dziko kuthamangitsidwa chuma, ndipo anthu adzakhala anakumana ndi mfundo chosowa chakudya, madzi, kapena zina zofunika Pamoyo zofunika. Zimenezi kumagwirizana kukula zachuma. Ngati chitukuko cha zomangamanga anthu sanasiye limodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, munthu womangidwa kuti zinthu akumane moyo.

kuwononga nkhalango, udzu, zinyama, nthaka - ndicho chabe tsankho mndandanda wa zomwe likuoneka dziko kuchulukana. Malinga ndi asayansi, lero chifukwa cha narrowness ndi kusowa ndalama m'mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko adzafa asanakalambe chaka chilichonse pafupifupi 30 miliyoni.

overconsumption

A vuto Mipikisano faceted cha kuchulukana kwa dziko sikuti impoverishment zachilengedwe (zikatero Ndi mmene m'mayiko ambiri osauka). Pankhani ya mayiko olemera pali vuto lina - overconsumption. Eneyi chakuti si wamkulu mu manambala anthu kwambiri wolowerera amagwiritsa chuma anapereka kwa izo, kuipitsa chilengedwe. Komanso atenge mbali ya kachulukidwe anthu. M'mizinda ikuluikulu mafakitale kwambiri kotero kuti silingathe aziwononga chilengedwe.

mbiri nkhani

Vuto yamakono ya kuchulukana kwa dziko anatuluka ndi mapeto a XX atumwi. Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino lapansi pafupifupi 100 miliyoni anthu. nkhondo zonse, miliri chachikale chinkawavuta mankhwala - zonsezi sanalole anthu kukula mofulumira. Chilemba cha 1 biliyoni wakhala kuthetsa okha 1820. Koma kale m'zaka za m'ma XX, ndi kuchulukana kwa dziko ochuluka zotheka chakuti, chiwerengero cha anthu chinakula exponentially (anathandizidwa ndi patsogolo ndi kusintha kwa miyezo ya moyo).

Lero dziko ndi kunyumba kwa mozungulira 7 biliyoni (asanu biliyoni akhala "ankayimira" kwa zaka otsiriza khumi). Ponso pachaka 90 miliyoni. Zinthu ngati asayansi otchedwa anthu kuphulika. A chotsatira chenicheni cha zodabwitsazi - ndi kuchulukana dzikoli. Kukula yaikulu ya dziko chimachititsa kuti mayiko wachiwiri ndi wachitatu dziko, kuphatikizapo mu Africa, komwe kuwonjezeka tanthauzo la chonde patsogolo chitukuko zachuma ndi chikhalidwe.

ndalama mizinda

Mitundu yonse ya magulu kuwonjezeka mofulumira kwambiri mzinda (Chimakula m'dera wotanganidwa ndi iwo, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu). Zimenezi amatchedwa mizinda. Udindo wa mizinda anthu zonse kuchuluka, moyo m'tawuni chimafikira kwa m'madera onse atsopano. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ulimi watha kukhala gawo chifungulo cha chuma cha padziko lonse, ngati papita zaka zambiri.

Mu XX atumwi panali "Kukwera chete" ndipo zinachititsa zikamera m'midzi yambiri mu madera osiyana a dziko lapansi. Mu sayansi, Masiku ano amatchedwa "nthawi ya m'mizinda ikuluikulu", limene mosapita m'mbali amasonyeza kusintha zimachititsa kuti zachitika chifukwa anthu mibadwo zingapo zapitazi.

Kuti pa nkhani imeneyi akunena kanjedza wouma? M'zaka za m'ma XX, ndi m'tawuni kuchuluka chaka pafupifupi theka peresenti. chizindikiro Izi kuposa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Ngati mu 1900, ankakhala m'madera a m'tawuni 13% ya anthu padziko lonse, mu 2010 - kale 52%. chizindikiro Izi zipitirirabe.

The kuwonongeka kwambiri chilengedwe amanena mzinda. Mu mayiko lachitatu dziko , iwonso kupeza nyumba zauve yaikulu ndi mavuto ambiri chilengedwe komanso anthu. Monga momwe zilili ndi kuwonjezereka ambiri mwa anthu, wapamwamba m'tawuni kuchuluka kwa anthu zimawonedwa lero mu Africa. mitengo kumeneko a dongosolo la 4%.

zifukwa

Traditional zimayambitsa kuchulukana kwa dziko ndi miyambo chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe cha magulu ena a ku Asia ndi ku Africa, kumene banja lalikulu ndi ponseponse kuti ambiri a anthu. M'mayiko ambiri aletsa kulera ndi mimba. A ana ochuluka musavutike ndi anthu a mayiko amenewo, kumene umphawi ndi umphawi wamba. Zonsezi kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti mu mayiko a ku Central Africa banja lina 4-6 ana pafupifupi ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri makolo simungakwaneko iwo.

Kuwonongeka kwa kuchulukana

A kuwopsa kwakukulu kwa kuchulukana kwa dziko yafupika vuto pa chilengedwe. Kuwawa zachilengedwe akubwera kuchokera m'mizinda. Agwilitse 2 okha% ya dziko lapansi, iwo ali gwero la 80% wa mpweya zinthu zoipa m'mlengalenga. Komanso mlandu 6/10 wa mowa madzi abwino. Dambo poizoni nthaka. Anthu ambiri amakhala m'mizinda, zotsatira Chamuyaya cha kuchulukana kwa dzikoli.

Anthu zikuchulukirachulukira mowa wake. Pankhaniyi, nkhokwe dziko ndiribe nthawi kuti achire ndi chabe kutha. Izi ndi zoona ngakhale chuma zongowonjezwdwa (nkhalango, madzi oyera, nsomba), komanso chakudya. La zolowa anachokera m'mayiko ena chonde. Izi ntchito mwa limati migodi lotseguka-dzenje. Kuonjezera n'kumenenso ntchito mankhwala ndi feteleza. Amawononga nthaka, zikubweretsa kukokoloka ake.

Kukula lonse mbewu ndi 1% pachaka. chithunzi Izi kwambiri zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo kuwonjezeka index mu alionse padziko lonse. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi chiopsezo cha chotupa cha mavuto chakudya (mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya chilala). Mphamvu kupanga chilichonse umachititsanso dziko pangozi kupanda mphamvu.

"Upper malire" a dziko

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti pa msinkhu panopa mowa, ankaikira mitundu wolemera, Earth ndi kuyamwitsa ngakhale kuti anthu mabiliyoni 2, ndiponso dziko adzatha "gwirani" ochepa biliyoni, ndi Amowabu kuchepa khalidwe la moyo. Mwachitsanzo, mu India, pa wokhala mahekitala 1.5 dziko, pamene Europe - mahekitala 3.5.

Chiwerengerochi analengeza asayansi Mathis Wackernagel ndi William Rees. Mu 1990 analenga mfundo amatchedwa "Ubale njira". Ofufuzawa Akuti m'dera dziko lapansi lokhalamo anthu pafupifupi biliyoni 9 mahekitala, pamene ndiye anthu dziko anali biliyoni 6 anthu, kutanthauza kuti munthu ali ndi avareji ya mahekitala 1.5.

Kuwonjezeka zikayamba ndi kusowa ndalama osati chifukwa kuwononga chilengedwe. Ngakhale masiku ano m'madera ena a kachulukidwe Earth wa anthu kumabweretsa chikhalidwe, dziko, ndipo potsiriza, mavuto a ndale. chitsanzo Izi zikusonyeza zimene zikuchitika ku Middle East. Zambiri dera lino wotanganidwa ndi zipululu. Population yopapatiza zachonde ali osalimba mkulu. Resources onse sikokwanira. Ndipo pankhani imeneyi zimachitika pankhondo zonse pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana.

Indian vuto lililonse

Chitsanzo odziwika a kuchulukana ndipo zotsatira zake - India. Mlingo kubadwa m'dziko ndi ana 2.3 pa mkazi. Zilibe kwambiri upambana mlingo wa kubalana achilengedwe. Komabe, mu India ife kale akukumana mopanikizana (anthu 1.2 biliyoni, 2/3 amene zaka wocheperapo 35 zakubadwa). Chiwerengerochi amasonyeza kuti kunatsala pang'ono zothandiza anthu ngoziyo (ngati zinthu sikusokoneza).

Malinga Zoneneratu UN, mu 2100 anthu India adzakhala anthu mabiliyoni 2.6. Ngati zinthu inamufika Chiwerengerochi, chifukwa chodula mitengo kwa munda, ndi kusowa ndalama madzi dziko amakumana kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Mu India, kunyumba kwa mitundu ina yambiri kuti anaopseza nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndipo azingokhala boma. Tiyerekezenso chimenechi tingafunike kusintha dziko, ngati chifukwa kuti dziko adzangozindikira cha kuchuluka Unyinji wa othawa kwawo, ndipo adzakhala kukhazikika mu chosiyana, maiko olemera.

Workarounds

Pali ziphunzitso zingapo za mmene kupirira vuto zaziwerengero m'dziko. polimbana kuchulukana kwa dziko angathe kukwanitsidwa ndi zolimbikitsa ndondomeko. Ndi zisinthe, kupereka anthu cholinga ndi mphamvu kuti akhoza m'malo ntchito miyambo banja. anthu Lonely akhoza apatsidwe phindu mu mawonekedwe a ubwino msonkho, nyumba, ndi zina zotero. D. mfundo chimenechi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu amene kusaina kusankha kukwatiwa mwamsanga.

Akazi ayenera dongosolo la ntchito ndi maphunziro, kulola kuwonjezera chidwi mu ntchito yake ndipo, Tikawonetsetsa kuchepetsa chidwi kuti mayi msanga. Komanso, mufunika legalization kuchotsa mimba. Izo zikhoza kukhala chomwecho mwayi ndi kuchulukana dzikoli. Zothetsera vutoli monga mfundo zina.

miyeso kutipanikiza

Masiku ano, m'mayiko ena ndi ziwawa kubadwa mtolo zaziwerengero ndondomeko. Kwinakwake mu chimango cha si ntchito njira chogonedwa monyengeleredwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu India mu 1970. amakakamizidwa yolera yotseketsa chitachitidwa.

Wotchuka ndi bwino chitsanzo cha ndondomeko kutipanikiza m'munda wa ntundu ndi China. Mu China, mabanja ndi ana awiri kapena kuposa kulipira chindapusa. Pakati anapereka chachisanu malipiro awo. Chotero ndondomeko kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ku 30% 10% pa zaka 20 (1970-1990.).

Ndi chiletso ku China anabwera kuyatsa mu makanda 200 miliyoni osakwana kudzachitika popanda ziletso. Vuto la kuchulukana kwa dziko ndi njira amatha kupanga mavuto atsopano. Choncho, opanikiza mfundo China zachititsa ndi ukalamba, n'kuchiumba ya anthu, nchifukwa chake lero China ikuyenda kuchoka ndalama kwa mabanja akuluakulu. Kuyesa kulowa zoletsa zaziwerengero anali mu Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka.

Kusamalira za chilengedwe

Kuti kuchulukana kwa Earth sanakhale koopsya kwa dziko lonse, m'pofunika osati kuchepetsa mlingo kubadwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zomveka chuma. kusintha mwina ntchito magwero mphamvu zina. Iwo MENE zinyalala ndi zosavuta. Sweden kale mu 2020 kusiya magwero organic mafuta (iwo m'malo mphamvu ku magwero zongowonjezwdwa). Njira yomweyo ikuyenda kuti Iceland.

Kuchulukana kwa dziko monga vuto lonse amene agonjetsa dziko lonse. Ali Scandinavia kusintha kwa mphamvu zina mu Brazil zimapita kumasulira kunyamula Mowa yopangidwa kuchokera ku nzimbe, ambiri amene amapangidwa m'dziko South America.

Mu 2012, 10% ya British Energy ali ndi kwaiye ndi mphepo. Mu US, lolunjika pa dera nyukiliya. atsogoleri European mphamvu mphepo ndi Germany ndi Spain, kukula pachaka makampani omwe ali ofanana ndi 25%. Monga miyeso kuteteza zachilengedwe kwa anapeza biosphere lalikulu la nkhokwe zatsopano ndi zinyama.

Zitsanzo zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti ndondomeko umalimbana kuchepetsa katundu pa chilengedwe, osati zotheka, koma ogwira. kukhwimitsa sizidzakupulumutsani dziko ku kuchulukana, koma osachepera izo zikanakhala kusalaza zotsatira kwambiri negative. Kusamalira za chilengedwe m'pofunika kuchepetsa dera m'dziko ntchito zaulimi, ongofuna njala. The Kugawilidwa kwanthaka lonse chuma ayenera kukhala chilungamo. Zoperekedwa gawo a anthu akhoza waive ndi surpluses chuma mwini, kuzipatsa anthu amene iwo sanalinso ofunikira.

Posintha maganizo kuti banja

Vuto la kuchulukana kwa Earth wasankha kulimbikitsa zakulera malingaliro. Izi zimafuna mosavuta kulera ogula. M'mayiko otukuka, maboma kuyesa kuchepetsa mlingo kubadwa ndi kukula yake zachuma. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti pali nthawi zonse mu dziko lotukuka, anthu kenako kubereka banja. Akatswiri pafupifupi mmodzi mwa atatu mimba ndi osafunika lero.

Kwa anthu ambiri wamba kuchulukana kwa dziko - nthano kuti iwo sali nkhawa, ndi mu Pachithunzipa ndi miyambo dziko ndi chipembedzo, chimene banja lalikulu - njira yokhayo basi akazi kuzindikira okha moyo. Bola ngati Africa North, Asia kum'mwera ndi m'madera ena a dziko bbwino kumvetsa kufunika zisinthe, vuto zaziwerengero adzakhalabe ndi ntchito yaikulu kwa onse umunthu.