Dongosolo la ndalama la Russia - ndi ... RF bajeti. Modern chuma Akuluakulu a ku Russia

Ku dziko la zachuma zikudalira pa mlingo wa moyo wa dziko. Mu macroeconomics ndi amodzi a malo ofunika kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, muyenera kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mfundo ndalama Russia ndi kuzindikira kufunika kwa dongosolo lino. M'pofunika wofufuza kwambiri mu zochita ndi asilikali a chamoyo mfundo zake.

mwachidule

Panopa chuma la Chitaganya cha Russian - ndi chinthu chosatha mikangano ndi kutsutsana. Pali nkhani zambiri m'nthawi imene ayenera kulimbana. Mwachitsanzo, osakwanira zofunika aliyense, ndi kusagwirizana kwambiri, anthu akanagwiritsa chitukuko cha zinthu zachuma, kungasokoneze ndondomeko ya ubereki, ndi kwanthawi noticeable mu kusinthasintha kwa kusintha mu misika chuma ndi kunja chofunika ndi woyenda pang'onopang'ono chitukuko. Dongosolo la ndalama la Russia - ndi asapita zachuma, zomwe yagawidwa kwa wina ndi mzake tsiku ndi yeniyeni. A kucheza ofanana amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamasiku ano anthu. maubwenzi amenewa angabuke pakati pa anthu, maphwando angapo malamulo, komanso mayiko osiyanasiyana. Choncho, mmodzi wa mitundu ya mogwirizana zachuma ndi zotsatirazi: banja bajeti, chuma payekha ndi mabanja. Mwachidule - anthu mumzindamo.

mudziwe

Lingaliro la dongosolo Russian ndalama kuoneka ngati akonzedwa ubale zachuma. matabwa ake anali olekanitsidwa muzochitika munthu ndi links. Pa mlingo uliwonse wa woyang'anira chuma ndi zinthu za ulimi chikhalidwe, popanda zomwe kuli ndi ntchito dongosolo si zotheka. Komanso si zotheka popanda:

1) Mawu oyamba oyambirira patsogolo latsopano sayansi;

2) kukhala kukodzedwa ndalama kupanga dera (onse a boma ndi ena);

3) lamulo la nyumba Kupititsa ndi Makampani chuma;

4) kukhutiritsa zofuna zina za anthu.

Mitundu ina ya zosowa ndi pa boma ndi mabungwe. Ikufotokoza zikamera a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maubwenzi, womwenso chuma Russia. Tsopano, akatswiri ena a sakuzindikira mogwirizana kwa ubale anthu awiri zachuma. Komabe, pali mabuku, limene limafotokoza gulu la zachuma. Mabuku zoyenera banja komanso mapulani consumables-ndakuwonetserani, ndi katundu wa banja.

Zikuchokera ndi structural zinthu

The chuma cha Russia tichipeza matupi angapo inakula ndi mabungwe. Cholinga cha chuma ndi kukumana kusiyana kwa zosowa za chikhalidwe. Mogwirizana kwa Finance kuphimba dziko lonse la dziko ndi dziko la ntchito chikhalidwe. Generality wa zinthuzo ndi chifukwa kuli mabungwe wapadera mu dongosolo la zachuma. Zochokera kumwamba, pali mfundo zingapo za chuma Russian. The chuma cha dziko ndi:

1. kuchotsedwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana, omwe mtsikanayu mapangidwe ndi ntchito wotsatira wa ndalama zake lolingana ndalama.

2. Anthu a mabungwe apadera ndi Matupi kugwira ntchito ndalama mkati yamtunduwu ake.

chuma anapanga kuchokera kwa anzake a mabungwe osiyanasiyana amene ali ndi udindo malamulo a chilengedwe, kusokonekera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Features chitukuko cha dziko pa kusintha kwa zinthu msika mwamphamvu bwanji chuma. Choncho, Russia a dongosolo la zachuma zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi ndalama ndalama ndi mabungwe malamulo zogwirizana iwo,

1. Dongosolo bajeti ya dziko. Pamafunikanso ndalama boma, mabungwe boma ndi Federal mwachindunji.

2. The malonda akhalire.

3. State ngongole.

4. zopezeka-bajeti ndalama za dziko.

5. Finance mabungwe.

6. inshuwalansi ndalama.

General boma ndalama. Lingaliro, kapangidwe ndi cholinga cha

Chifukwa cha ndalama dziko ndi ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana zimatiyika ziwalo. gulu ili mulinso mfundo monga kukongoza anthu ndi chikhalidwe kutali-bajeti ndalama za dziko. Mu kusintha zosiyanasiyana wotuluka ndi ubwenzi kugawa chuma zazikulu udindo waukulu limabweretsa mtundu wa zachuma. mapangidwe awo ndi kufalitsa centralized. Izi mchitidwe dongosolo lilipo kuti maboma a m'mayikowo ndi boma. Pa mlingo yaying'ono kuthetsa wotuluka zachuma kukumana zinthu za makampani ndalama, inshuwalansi ndi ngongole ndi dongosolo kubanki. Komabe, Sitinganene kuti maulalo izi za chuma umanena yekha kwa mlingo wa mabungwe a zachuma m'njira zawo wodziika. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuli interconnection wandiweyani pakati pa mbali zonse chigawo chimodzi cha zachuma. State amachita pa mapangidwe chuma centralized ndi decentralized kudzera chuma. Kuti akwanitse zimenezi, malangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi malamulo zogwirizana. Ndipo zida zake ndi njira mitengo, dongosolo ngongole, misonkho kwambiri. M'dziko Russian zachuma ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi zina chuma. Komabe, pali ena ambiguity ali pano. GDP ndi limene limafotokoza za kubwezeretsa revenues bajeti paliponse. Iwo aumbike mwa dera kupanga zinthu. Ndiye, mwa misonkho amalenga Russian bajeti ndi ndalama chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndondomeko kubalana kukodzedwa ikuchitika ndi mabizinezi, osati nkhani zawo. Iwo ntchito boma ngongole kapena zolemba mwachindunji gombe kuchokera bajeti.

Udindo wa ndalama anakweza

Omwe ndalama mabizinezi ali inextricably zogwirizana ndi dongosolo la ngongole. Mu nkhani ya vuto la ndalama, mukhoza ntchito misonkhano ya mabanki. Nthawi zambiri, likulu owonjezera nawo akamaliza ntchito. Komanso, mavuto awo azachuma wa kampani angayambe njira mabungwe ena azachuma. Mwachitsanzo, monga mabungwe osiyanasiyana, mabanki, makampani inshuwalansi ndi ena. Zinthu zimenezi akhoza kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuwonjezera chilungamo ndi kutembenukira kwa corporatisation. Nayenso nkhani ngongole ndi chinamanga ngongole. Potsilizira pake, ubale wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachuma chifukwa gulu lawo limodzi. boma imathandiza kwambiri mu kukula kwa anthu, malonda ndiponso chikhalidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, kuwagwiritsa ake akugwirizira kwambiri la ndalama. Iwo kuwatengera pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama Russian, ngongole anthu, ndi ndalama zosiyanasiyana. Chuma mabungwe osiyana banki ndi inshuwalansi anapanga ndi kukopa ufulu likulu. Omwe ndalama za mabungwe malonda ndi kudzikundikira awo.

Zochita za dongosolo Russian ndalama. Features

boma chuma ndi ndalama umalamulidwa ndi chida chachikulu - magawo dongosolo. Pamisinkhu onse kasinthidwe izi anaganiza pa mlingo national ntchito kiyi: mapangidwe ndi ndalama za mudalitso ambiri a ndalama. Dongosolo lonse zikuphatikizapo ndalama m'deralo, dera ndi boma. Mu kudalirana masiku ano chuma ntchito iliyonse dziko kukhala maziko a chitetezo ake zachuma. Kuyambira kukula ndi katundu zimadalira:

- mapulogalamu ena;

- yokonza ndi ntchito dongosolo chitetezo;

- kuonetsetsa magulu osiyanasiyana a boma;

- chitukuko cha zina zamakono ndi mafakitale njira;

- kuthandiza chuma mabungwe ake constituent mwa boma, komanso zina zambiri.

The chuma cha dziko chili mbali zambiri. Ena ndalama zolipirira mkati womulera dongosolo la ndalama ndi revenues, ena - palibe. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa mapulogalamu ndi lathu chikhalidwe kapena zachipatala, ndi owonjezera bajeti ndalama. boma, monga chiwalo cha dongosolo mkati msika, akhoza kuchita monga ndalama ndalama wobwereka a kuchokera kwa ophunzira ena msika. Obwereketsa Pankhaniyi adzakhala mabungwe alamulo ndi anthu ofuna kuwagwiritsa ufulu chuma chawo ndalama. Kufunika ngongole okhwima mu mapangidwe ndi kuchepekedwa mu bajeti. Kukongoza ntchito yochepa kulowetsedwa ndalama kumabungwe ena a chuma kuti tikhale okhazikika ndalama za dziko. Ngati komwe boma wayambira kuchita pobwereka ku mabungwe ena kapena anthu, pali ngongole. Malinga ndi makhalidwe ake, lagawidwa mitundu iwiri: mkati ndi kunja (malingana ndi malo ngongole ya kulembetsa). Mu mawonekedwe, ngongole anapalamula boma, akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati:

- Kuyamikira;

- ngongole za boma, anagwira ntchito kumasulidwa kwa wa masheya;

- ena ngongole.

Kusintha anapangidwa pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR

Development wa chuma Russian Federation a ndayima kaye chimaonekadi zisakuyenda bwino. Kumabungwe ena za chuma cha dziko zimawonedwa zizindikiro za kukula, koma mafakitale ambiri akukumana ndi nyengo ya stagnation ndiponso kuchuluka pang'ono. Dongosolo banki anali pambuyo pa 1998 mavuto pafupifupi mwathunthu kubwezeretsa magwiridwe a chaka. Mwakhama osauka madera kukongoza, potero kupereka kukhudzanso mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Pa nthawi yomweyo cholowa cha ngongole kwa gawo payekha, nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka, zimene zikusonyeza kusintha moyo anthu onse. M'zaka khumi zapitazo ife awonjezera m'matangadza, kuchuluka mayiko mavoti ngongole wosasunthika ndalama Russia. Komabe, chiwerengero cha kukopa likulu yachilendo mu chuma cha dziko, poyerekeza ndi chuma m'mayiko otukuka (Germany, USA, France), ndi wotsika. Komabe, kukula azilandira akalozera ndi mavoti amalenga malo abwino kwa ndalama zakunja ndi zoweta. M'zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala mphamvu zabwino kukula kwa ndalama ndi kugwa mu chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole. The prerequisites kwa zikamera wa zinthuzo ayenera kutengedwa ngati kuwonjezeka mu malonda yachilendo, malonda zopangira mu ndalama za m'mayiko ena, komanso wonse mfundo yachilendo ya boma. ndalama kupezeka chifukwa cha kutsitsa mitengo chidwi ndi amadza yabwino pa mabizinezi akuluakulu a dziko kuonjezera ntchito ndalama analimbikitsa bwino chuma. Modern chuma cha Russia pambuyo angapo kusinthika anayamba kugwira ntchito yake yaikulu - kuonetsetsa kukula kwa chuma.

Kukonza malowa

chuma kasamalidwe mu Russia kwa nthawi yaitali wakhala si masinthidwe kwambiri. Mu 2006, lamulo pali kusintha kadinala. Anakhudza mu malo oyamba, mapangidwe zolowa za bajeti ya la Russia. Pali latsopano mayunitsi structural. Mu ndondomeko makamaka a mizinda yambiri munthu ndi midzi m'tawuni inakhazikitsidwa. M'tsogolo chimango malamulo a ntchito izi kakusintha younikanso yokulirapo. Imodzi mwa ngozi yaikulu anakumana ndi dongosolo la ndalama la Russia - ndi overdue mangawa pa udindo ngongole ya gombe. Mtengo wa ngongole okwana kukula, amene ali kungasokoneze kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma. Nawonso mabanki kwa kutambasuka udindo ngongole kumafuna inflow zonse ndalama. Malinga ndi chuma, chiwerengero cha ngongole amenewa kukwera kwa 10% ya okwana dongosolo ngongole mbiri kuti kodi kusokoneza lonse dongosolo la zachuma. Boma la Russia ndi kufunafuna njira yothetsera vutoli. Iwo akufuna kuonjezera capitalization za mabanki waukulu likuvutika nsinga boma. Zosintha Komanso ankaona kukula inshuwalansi mbali ya gawo ndi achire wa ziphatso pochita ntchito ndalama zingapo "wosadalirika" mabungwe a zachuma.

Magwero a mavuto chi

chiwerengero cha chuma chachikulu m'banja ndikukhulupirira kuti chifukwa kufooka, ndilo dongosolo la ndalama la Russia - ndi kulephera mwamsanga azolowere zinthu msika likusintha mofulumira, komanso kudalira kwambiri pa zipangizo ndi kupanda mpikisano ena zigawo. Boma, mwa kuyambitsa kusintha latsopano zachuma, kuyesera kuti agwirizane ndi vuto dera ndalama. Zimachitika jakisoni zonse likulu ku Fund Reserve, amene nawonso, anapanga pa nthawi ya ubweya bajeti (pamaso 2008). Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti ndalama zake osati malire ndipo adzakhala kwa zaka zingapo. Modern Russia ndi kudutsa njira zovuta mapangidwe a matabwa ake zachuma. zinthu zoipa zambiri m'munsili zimenezi, mwachitsanzo, mangawa pa udindo ngongole, zinthu zovuta kuti kusanthula ndi kuyang'aniridwa. Wotere n'zovuta moti bungwe ntchito imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za msika khola - ndi kusokonekera kwa chuma (Zomwe) umayenda mkati.

Pomaliza

Chuma, potengera zomwe kachitidwe ka ndalama kubanki, ali ndi mpata wokwanira kuchita mwamsanga kusintha kulikonse. Banki chapakati ndi membala lomaliza la nyumba imeneyi ngongole. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chitukuko cha chuma latsopano la Russia akuyembekezeka kuyamba ndi kusankha gawo banki, imene kusokonekera yaikulu ya utuluke gwero zidzachitika. Kuchita izi, inu muyenera kukhala dongosolo lokhazikika la kufufutidwa wa osewera onse ofooka. M'pofunika imodzi kukhala misika ndalama ya Russian Federation, amene, kupatulapo kuwombola yachilendo, ali wakhanda oyambirira. Only zinthu zimenezi n'zotheka kulenga wathanzi m'munsi zachuma. Zinali pa iye m'tsogolo ntchito yaikulu ya kusokonekera kwa chuma m'dzikoli nkhani.