Economy maganizo - ndi ... Wonjezerani ndi kufunika mu chuma

Economics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira asapita chofunika ndalama m'dziko lapansi. Zikomo kwa iye, tigule katundu zofunika kwa ife, ntchito misonkhano kupanga phindu ndi aganyali zomangamanga. Kuweta "zinsomba" limene lonse zovuta limagwirira akugwirizira, ndi okwanira ndi akumufuna. Mu chuma ndi cholinga chapadera kusanthula ubale wawo ndi kukula kwa kufanana alipo.

Kodi pempholo?

Yankho si kuchipeza, amene ali yekha kuyang'ana mu mabuku apadera a. Iwo ananena kuti chuma amapereka - ndondomeko imene yapereka ntchito yobweretsa amalonda pa katundu wawo kumsika. Chiwerengero chawo zimadalira mphamvu ndi kufunitsitsa wa bizinesi kuchita ntchito zawo, ndi kupezeka kwa ogula amene simusamala kugula ichi kapena kuti chinthu. Ndipo mtengo mwa kundipatsako kwa katundu ndi mosamalitsa chimafotokozera malamulo a chuma msika, pamaso pa mpikisano, mlingo GDP m'dziko Makamaka, applicable dziko malamulo, komanso zinthu zina.

Kufunika kwa kupanga njira zamakono zinakhalira chimadaliranso kupereka. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri chuma, chifukwa zigawo ziwiri otchulidwa zimaonetsa mphamvu ya wazamalonda ntchito. M'pofunikanso kuti bizinesi osati akanakhoza, koma kuti apange katundu. Choncho, ayenera kukhala ndi chilakolako, ndicho chilolezo kugulitsa pa mtengo mwachindunji ndi mwayi - kuti zinthu zotiyenereza ndi likulu kuyamba kupanga.

Wonjezerani ndi kufunika

Iwo n'zogwirizana. Ngati pempholo - mndandanda wa katundu chuma, amatchedwa msika thumba ndi anamasulidwa ogula Nditatsegula mmwamba, kufunika - kukhumba okha ogula kugula katunduyo. Chiŵerengero cha zigawo ziwiri kwambiri umakhudza kusintha kwa magawanidwe kupanga kayendedwe ka ntchito pakati pa zigawo likulu ndi kugawa ake. Pamene kufunika kuposa okwanira, mtengo kumawonjezera ya katundu ndi ntchito, mabizinesi kupeza benefiti wabwino. Kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu, iwo kuonjezera kupanga: chifukwa cha atawalamula zikukwanilitsidwa.

Koma ngati kulamulidwa ndi kutsatsa, eni agonje, anthu safuna kupeza katundu, mpikisano mu nkhani iyi, nthawi zambiri lalikulu, mitengo akugwa mofulumira. Ngakhale izi, pempholo nthawi zonse amapanga akumufuna. ubwenzi wawo zogwirizana - sitingakumane ndi chuma imayenera yachibadwa muyezo wa moyo ku dziko. Kwakukulu kwa anthu, ndi apamwamba a mtengo. Koma amalonda safuna kwambiri mtengo: n'kosavuta nauyang'anire pa mlingo munthu wabwinobwino, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kukuza kupanga ndi kale chifukwa phindu wawukulu uwu.

Chiphunzitso cha umafuna Economics

Zinamuthandiza kukhala chuma amene zikukangalika kuphunzira kufunika ndi okwanira mu chuma. Oimira chiphunzitso ndi Arthur Laffer, Martin Feldstein, Dzhordzh Gilder. Chimodzimodzi akuti "zachuma kotunga mbali" anali anadzetsa ntchito American Herbert Stein. Malinga ndi asayansi awa, kusintha ulimi mu boma, muyenera khutu ku kotunga okwana koma kunyalanyaza akumufuna. Pambuyo zolimbikitsa kukula kwa iwowa sizitanthauza zotsatira zabwino yaitali.

chiphunzitso amapereka chuma lili ndi lingaliro lalikulu: m'pofunika maximally yotithandiza zinthu zimene zimakhudza kuŵeta katundu. oimira ake kuzitcha izo kupereka chimalimbikitsa lalikulu kukula ndi chitukuko cha chuma. mfundo zawo n'zochokera malamulo a msika French katswiri Jean-Baptiste Nena. Malinga ndi mawu ake, chinthu chachikulu ndicho kupanga katundu ndi kugula mphamvu zonse n'lakuti pakapita kumasulidwa ku msika. Adani a chiphunzitso amapereka - kumbali ya kungoganizira Keynesian - M'malo mwake, amalamula matamando ndi amalangiza kulimbikitsa izo.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya bwana

Wonjezerani ndi kufunika mu chuma nthawi motsogozedwa ndi chilakolako luso mosavuta wogula. Iwo akhoza amayezedwa onse ndi lopapatiza lonse waukulu. Malinga ichi, pali mitundu iwiri maka:

• Munthu. Izi mankhwala a wina wogulitsa malonda, kampani, kapena bungwe.
• Total. Zikutanthauza mitundu katundu yense wa ina gawo la chuma, anamasulidwa ndi zonse, popanda yekha, amalonda kuchita ntchito pachimake.

Iwo akhoza kutsutsa kuti awiriwa nthawi zonse mutu ulamuliro, amene anakonza ndi chuma. Otchedwa malamulo a kapezedwe limati: ndi kuwonjezeka mtengo wa katundu komanso kuchuluka kupereka ake. Tiyenera kukumbukira za chuma, ngati ntchito zawo wafika pachimake pazipita, kuwuka mu mitengo sadzachulukana okwanira, ndi izo kupanga. Amalonda ayenera kulabadira kwambiri zogula zipangizo ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka yake ndi ntchito za ndalama kwambiri.

zinthu mtengo

Kuti Makampani kapena mabungwe mwaufulu ndi buku lalikulu kutulutsa katundu, muyenera kuganizira mfundo zingapo kuti mwachindunji njila kwa bwanji kupanga. Choyamba, ndi mtengo kwambiri chinthu. The apamwamba ilo liriri, ochepa mukufuna kugulitsa. A ochepa a anthu athe kulipira kugula ndalama wozungulira, kotero pempholo sayenera lalikulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa mtengo wa katundu limakupatsani kugula izo pafupifupi aliyense. Choncho, mu nkhani iyi kupanga ali zochuluka.

Chachiwiri, mtengo wa chuma ndipo amaganizira zachuma kotunga mbali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti: ali okwera mtengo kusiyana kwambiri ukuwonjezeka chofunika mtengo - motero, voliyumu ya malonda zofunika kuchepetsa. Ngakhale izi, kupereka zidzatero mpaka kusintha. Pamene ndalama akukulira mofulumira, muyezo wa moyo ku ukuwonjezeka m'dziko, ngakhale mtengo wa mankhwala yokha kapena nkhani imene anapangidwa, kupanga akhoza zochuluka. Ndipo amalonda kale pang'onopang'ono, moganizira kufunika kwa anthu.

The sanali mtengo waukulu zinthu

Izi makamaka monga sayansi yopanga ndi chuma chomwecho. Ndipotu zimenezi awiri ndi yofunika kwambiri chuma. Mwachitsanzo, luso. Mlingo wa chitukuko mosasintha aukitsa mlingo wa zotsatira za chuma - kutanthauza kuti pa ndalama imodzi chuma angathe kutenga katundu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za oyamba yogwira mzere ulimi amakhala apamwamba amasulidwe mankhwala chofunika mu mawerengedwe pa wantchito. Iwo likukhalira kuti kuwonjezeka mlingo wa luso limakula ndi chiwerengero cha katundu. pempholo Komanso kumawonjezera. Komabe, chinthu ichi kwenikweni pa zinthu zimene zimapangidwa pamanja.

Pankhani chuma, kuchepekedwa awo kuti pakhale kukula. Economy waipereka amatipatsanso. Chosowa zipangizo sangathe kutumikira monga maziko ambiri katundu. Wabizinesi akugula zinthuzi pa mtengo: chifukwa kumawonjezera mtengo wa mankhwala yokha. Pankhaniyi, maganizo sayenera mkulu, mwinamwake ndi ndalama chuma mankhwala sadzakhala kulipira ngongole chifukwa malonda otsika.

Mtengo wa msonkho ndi opanga

Iwo mwamphamvu bwanji maganizo a kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma. Zikuonekeratu kuti msonkho zimadalira kukula ndi ndalama wazamalonda lapansi. Komanso, azilipira imfa ya kulanda bizinesi amakakamizidwa kuukitsa mtengo wa katundu - Chinthu ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa mankhwala amene chikangoperekedwa msonkho kwambiri. Mowa Mwachitsanzo, ndi fodya - kuti kuchepetsa kumwa awo ndi kuwapulumutsa thanzi la nzika, kapena malaya ubweya - kuteteza kupulula nyama osowa.

Economy maganizo - kumakhalanso kuganizira chiwerengero cha alimi. The apamwamba icho chiri, mwa kundipatsako zambiri chidzakula. Imeneyi, muyenera kuganizira zinthu ndi nkhokwe: iwo amakana mofulumira. Amalonda kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodula kukhala wotsika msanga anagula ndi mpikisano. Kapena kuitanitsa iwo akunja, umene kuwonjezera ndalama. mankhwala amenewa adzakhala opanda pake kugulitsa pa mtengo chomwecho, kotero pempholo sadzachulukana.

Zina sanali mtengo

pempholo azisinthidwanso malingana ziyembekezo nzika 'za mitengo m'tsogolo, ndi zipangizo zotheka yaiwisi, misonkho. Mwachitsanzo, alimi mongoyembekezera kusiya kugulitsa mbatata, nalingilira mtengo wake posachedwapa kukwera. Zotsatira n'zosiyana: opanga adzamanga patsogolo, kuneneratu kuwonjezeka mu mitengo mankhwala. Chinthu Ichi ndi kovuta kudziwa, choncho sikawirikawiri m'nkhani chitsanzo zachuma.

Zofunika ndi mtengo wa katundu wina ndi mwa kundipatsako ndalama. Mu zachuma, izi zikutanthauza kuti amalonda mowirikiza kufunafuna madera ambiri lipindulitsa pa ndalama. Ndi kuwonjezeka mu mitengo mankhwala makamaka, kumakhaladi wokongola kwa ndalama - pali inflow likulu. Likukhalira, sanali mtengo Chinthu ndi chofunika kwambiri: ngati mtengo ukuwonjezeka, pali outflow ndalama dera mafuta, kotunga chofunika makamaka kwambiri yafupika. Zonsezi ndi zofunika kuganizira kuti chuma anali azipeza mu dziko, ndi kufunika ndi kupereka mogwirizana azigwirizana.