Kodi ndi pamene anatulukira onga?

Mu mbiri yonse ya anthu panali zoyambitsidwa ambiri, atachita kalekale munthawi zina. Koma angapo a iwo ndi phindu pamlingo m'mapulaneti. Kutulukira onga akunena mwatchuchutchu chotero anapeza yosowa amene anapereka inalimbikitsidwa kwambiri zikamera ndi kukula kwa nthambi yatsopano ya sayansi ndi malonda. Choncho, munthu aliyense ophunzira ayenera kudziwa kumene anatulukira onga, dziko limene iwo anali woyamba kuigwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo.

Background maonekedwe onga

nthawi yaitali sinathe mtsutso pamene anatulukira onga. Ena amataya Chinsinsi kuyaka zinthu Chinese, ena kuona kuti kungoti azungu ndi okha kumeneko iye anapita ku Asia. N'zovuta kwa chaka chimodzi kuti pamene anatulukira onga, koma ayenera kutengedwa ngati malo China bwino.

Osowa apaulendo, kukanirira mu China mu Ages Middle, chinali akumeneko amakonda Mapokoso, limodzi ndi mabomba zachilendo ndipo mokweza kwambiri. Chinese okha zimenezi zambiri zosangalatsa, koma ku Ulaya ouziridwa mantha. Ndipotu zimenezi sizinali ufa, koma monga bamboo mphukira, nautaya kumoto. Pambuyo Kutentha mapesi amaphulika ndi kulira chosiyana zomwe zikufanana kwambiri bingu wa kumwamba.

Zotsatira za zikuphulika mphukira anapereka pansi ndikuganiza amonke Chinese, anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano pa chilengedwe cha zinthu zina kuchokera zosakaniza achilengedwe.

Mbiri anatulukira

N'zovuta kunena zimene chaka Chinese anatulukira onga, koma pali zinthu zimene zili kale m'zaka wachisanu ndi chimodzi, Chinese ankadziwa chisakanizo cha zigawo zingapo, yotentha ndi lawi yowala.

Palm mu atayamba onga moyenerera wa Chimonko Taoist akachisi. Pakati pawo panali zambiri asayansi amene nthawi zonse ntchito kulenga ndi mankhwala a matenda chosafa. Iwo ophatikizana zinthu zosiyana mu kufanana kusinthasintha, kuyembekezera tsiku lina kupeza kuphatikiza ufulu. Ena mafumu Chinese anali kudalira kwambiri pa mankhwala, iwo analota moyo wosatha, ndipo alibe salola zosuta zosakaniza woopsawo. Pakati pa m'zaka za m'ma mmonke analemba ndemanga limene limafotokoza pafupifupi chimapatsa zonse zodziwika ndi njira ntchito zawo. Koma sizinali zofunika kwambiri - ndi mizere ochepa a lonena otchulidwa elixir oopsa kuti Mwadzidzidzi moto m'manja mwa asayansi, zimene zimachititsa kuti amve ululu kwambiri. Amazimitsa motowo analephera ndi kutentha nyumba yonse kwa mphindi zochepa. Ndi deta izi tikhoza kuika mfundo mafuta mu mkangano zimene chaka ndi kumene anatulukira onga.

Ngakhale kuti chakhumi-khumi m'ma onga ku China si opangidwa lalikulu zedi. Pamwamba pa zana akhumi panali angapo Mfundo Chinese zofunikila ikulongosola za ufa ndi ndende wofunikila zigawo kuyaka. Kuyenera Mukalongosola pamene anatulukira onga iye anali kuyaka ndipo sanathe amaphulika.

The zikuchokera ufa

Pambuyo Kutulukira Chimonko onga zaka zambiri pa tanthauzo la chiŵerengero yabwino zigawo zikuluzikulu. Pambuyo pa mlandu kwambiri ndi zolakwa anaonekera osakaniza amatchedwa "moto kum'soŵetsa mtendere" ndi ongokhala mpweya, sulfure ndi nitrate. Iwo mbali yomaliza wakhala kutithandiza kuona anakhazikitsa dziko atayamba onga. chakuti nitrate kupeza mu chikhalidwe ndi zovuta, koma China ndi owonjezera lalikulu m'nthaka. Pali milandu pamene zikuoneka padziko lapansi yochitidwa ❖ kuyanika makulidwe a masentimita atatu. Ena Chinese Cook anawonjezera nitrate chakudya kusintha palatability m'malo mchere. Iwo nthawizonse anaona kuti nitrate kulowa moto anachititsa yowala kung'anima ndipo umatithandiza kuyaka.

Pa katundu wa sulfure Taoists ankadziwa kwa nthawi yaitali, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kuganizira, amene Chimonko ankatchedwa "matsenga." mchitidwe lotsiriza la ufa - khala wakhala ntchito kubala kutentha ndi kuyaka. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti zinthu zitatu izi ndi maziko a onga.

ntchito abata onga mu China

Pa nthawi imene anatulukira onga, ndi Chinese ndiribe lingaliro momwe iwo ankachitira anapeza kwambiri. Zamatsenga katundu "moto kum'soŵetsa mtendere", iwo anagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zapadera zokongola. Onga anakhala mchitidwe crackers zikuluzikulu ndi makombola. Kudzera kuphatikiza moyenera zosakaniza mu osakaniza mpweya anaulukira zikwi zowala kuti mtima msewu chionetsero mu chinachake chapadera.

Koma musaganize kuti ndi anangopeka zimenezi, Chinese sindikumvetsa kufunika kwake m'zochitika asilikali. Ngakhale kuti China anali mu Ages Middle sidali akagwiriridwa, iye anali mu chikhalidwe chitetezo zonse malire ake. Nearby mafuko woyendayendawu zina anaukira m'chigawo Chinese malire, ndi kuyambitsa kwa onga anali kukhala zothandiza kwambiri. Ndi thandizo la Chinese kwa nthawi yaitali kulimbitsa malo ake mu dera Asian.

Onga: ntchito yoyamba ya zolinga Chinese asilikali

Azungu ankakhulupirira kuti Chinese sizigwiritsidwa ntchito onga zolinga asilikali. Koma mu mfundo deta awa ndi zolakwika. Pali umboni kuti pofika m'zaka za m'ma wina wachitatu wa asilikali wotchuka Chinese anakwanitsa kugonjetsa mafuko woyendayendawu ndi onga. Iye ankakopa mdani mu gorge yopapatiza, kumene chisanadze milandu anaikidwa. Iwo anali zolimba miphika dongo wodzazidwa ndi onga ndi zitsulo. Awa anali machubu nsungwi impregnated ndi zingwe imvi. Pamene Chinese Yatsani iwo, A phokoso la bingu, mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza chigwa makoma. Pansi pa mapazi a wongosamukasamuka anaponyedwa zibuluma a dziko lapansi, miyala ndi tizitsulo. A ngozi yoopsa ali anakankha aggressors kusiya yaitali malire maiko a China.

Kuyambira khumi m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu Chinese bwino umatha nkhondo mothandizidwa ndi onga. Mukupanga zida zatsopano. Adani mmwamba ndi fireballs, mabomba anapezerapo ku machubu nsungwi mfuti anapezerapo ku catapult a. Zikomo za "moto kum'soŵetsa mtendere" Chinese anatuluka wopambana kwa pafupifupi nkhondo onse, ndi ulemerero wa zinthu zachilendo anabalalika padziko lonse lapansi.

Onga masamba China: Aluya ndi Mongolia anayamba kupanga onga

Padziko chakhumi ndi chitatu m'ma onga Chinsinsi lidapezeka m'manja a Aluya, ndi asilikaliwa. Mu nthano wina Arab kubedwa lonena imene khala wakhala nkhani ya anapangira sulfure ndi nitrate, zofunika osakaniza wangwiro. Pofuna kupeza gwero wapatali mauthenga, Aluya anawononga phiri obisika.

Sizikudziwika ngati uyu, koma m'nthawi zofanana Aluya anamanga mfuti woyamba ndi zipolopolo za onga. Iye anali wopanda ungwiro ndithu ndipo nthawi zambiri wopunduka asilikali okha, koma zotsatira za zida motsimikizira yokutidwa zomvetsa anthu.

"Greek moto": Byzantine ufa

Malinga ndi magwero a mbiri yakale, Aluya onga Chinsinsi anabwera Byzantium. Local pang'ono asayansi ntchito pa kapangidwe anayamba ntchito osakaniza kuyaka amatchedwa "Greek moto". Izo bwinobwino lasonyeza mu chitetezo cha mzindawo, pamene moto anatentha ku mipope pafupifupi zombo lonse la mdani.

Sizikudziwika zimene zinali mbali ya "moto Greek". Chinsinsi lake likhalebe chinsinsi kwambiri kulondera, koma ofufuza amasonyeza kuti Byzantines ntchito sulfure, mafuta, nitrate, utomoni ndi mafuta.

Onga mu Europe: amene anapanga?

Kwa nthawi yaitali, ponena maonekedwe onga ku Ulaya ankaona kuti Rodzher Bekon. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, anakhala European woyamba kufotokoza m'buku maphikidwe zonse onga. Koma bukhu encrypted, ndi ntchito sikunali kotheka. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa amene anapanga onga ku Ulaya, yankho la funso lanu ndi nkhani Bertolda Shvartsa.

Iye anali mmonke ndi kuphunzira alchemy kuti athandize dongosolo la Franciscans. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi, anagwira tanthauzo la kufanana mankhwala mpweya, sulfure ndi saltpeter. Pambuyo zambiri zatsopano, iye anatha mapaundi mu mtondo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika mu chiwerengero chokwanira chimwala cha. Kuphulika Wave pafupifupi anatumiza mmonke kuwala. Koma chidali chifuniro chake chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano ku Europe - nyengo ya zida zankhondo.

Lachitsanzo loyamba "yowotcha matope" anayamba onse Schwartz yemweyo, amene anali m'ndende chifukwa cha cholinga mwachinsinsi. Koma mmonke a anaba ndi mobisa kuwapititsa ku Germany komwe anapitiriza kuyesa wake pa kusintha kwa mfuti. Kodi inatha moyo wake moti Chimonko, akadali osadziwika. Malinga ndi Baibulo, iwo anali litaphulitsidwa pa mbiya ya onga, kwa ena, anafa bwinobwino atakalamba kwambiri. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma ufa anapereka ku Ulaya mwayi wawukulu, umene iwo sanalephere amapezerapo mwayi.

Kubwera kwa onga ku Russia

Mwatsoka, sanasunge magwero kuti kodi kuunikira pa mbiriyakale ya zikamera wa onga mu Russia. Baibulo wotchuka kwambiri imatengedwa pobwereka mankhwala zachiwawa ku Byzantines. Choncho kaya analidi - silikudziwika, koma ufa mu Russia wotchedwa "kum'soŵetsa mtendere", ndipo iye anali ndi ufa-ngati kugwirizana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi firearm anamugwiritsa ntchito atumwi khumi mochedwa, pa kuzinga Moscow Khan Tokhtamysh. Dziwani kuti mfuti analibe lalikulu mphamvu zowononga. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito kuopseza adani, ndipo mahatchi, umene utsi ndi mkokomo anataya lathu mu mlengalenga, zimene anafesa mantha monga msilikali wa omenya.

Ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi onga ndinakhala sizachilendo, koma wake "golide" zaka komabe anali patsogolo.

Chinsinsi cha opanda utsi ufa: amene anapanga?

The kumapeto kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zinali zodzaza ndi Kutulukira zosintha latsopano la onga. M'pofunika kufotokozera kuti kwa zaka zambiri, amatukutuku ayesa kusintha kusakaniza mafuta. Choncho amene dziko anatulukira onga popanda utsi? Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti France. The zatsopano anakhoza kupeza Vielle pyroxylin ufa ndi Chomangika. mayesero ake analenga furore, ubwino wa zinthu zatsopano nthawi yomweyo amalembedwa ndi asilikali. Otchedwa opanda utsi onga anakhudzidwa yaikulu, sanadzisiyira chuma ndipo ngakhale kutenthedwa. Mu Russia adalandiridwa patapita zaka zitatu kuposa mu France. Komanso, woyamba ndi ntchito paokha.

Patapita zaka zingapo , Alfred Nobel akufuna ntchito mu kupanga zipolopolo nitroglycerin ufa ndi makhalidwe zatsopano. Kenako mu mbiri ya onga anali zambiri zosintha ndi patsogolo, koma aliyense wa iwo anali anafuna imfa pa mtunda wautali.

Mpaka lero, asilikali, ndi oyambitsa ntchito mwakhama kulenga mitundu atsopano a onga. Amene amadziwa, mwinamwake, mothandizidwa ndi mtsogolo, iwo zinasintha mbiri ya anthu kuposa kamodzi.