Kodi luso lamakono ndi liti?

M'masukulu amakono, ophunzira apamwamba amaphunzitsidwa nkhani yofunika kwambiri komanso yofunikira yotchedwa "World Art Culture". Maphunziro a MHC amauza ophunzira za luso la zomangamanga ndi luso labwino kuyambira kale mpaka lero. Pulogalamuyi ikuphatikizapo gawo ngati luso lapamwamba. Tidzamudziwa bwino tsopano.

Kodi luso lamakono ndi liti?

Ichi ndi gawo lapadera la luso labwino, lodziwika ndi katundu wa pulasitiki kapena chiwerengero cha ntchito zomangamanga, komanso ndi kufunikira ndi kufunikira kwa mfundo zomwe zilipo. Mawu akuti "monumental" amachokera ku Latin moneo, kutanthauza "Ndikukumbutsa". Ndipo palibe zodabwitsa, chifukwa mtundu uwu wa luso - limodzi lakale kwambiri pa dziko lapansi.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwakukulu

Mizu ya mtundu uwu wa zomangamanga ndi zojambula zimabwerera ku anthu achikulire. Anthu akale adangodziwa kukoka, kusungunuka pamasamba a malasha, koma ntchito zawo zojambula pamapangawo zinali zoganiza kale. Inde, iwo ankakopeka mosasangalatsa, mitundu yochuluka inalibe kusowa, koma panali lingaliro. Iye anali ndi chifaniziro cha anthu akale ponena za mphamvu zachirengedwe, moyo wake, maluso osiyanasiyana. Kotero, makoma a mapangawo anali okongoletsedwa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuchokera mu moyo wa munthu wachikulire: nyama yamphongo, mkazi wokongola kwambiri kuphanga, miyambo yovina pamoto ndi ambiri, ambiri.

Boma lachikunja linalowetsedwa ndi Dziko Lakale, ndipo kumeneko kuwonetsa kwakukulu kunapezanso malo ake. Kale ku Egypt, lusoli ndi lolemekezedwa kwambiri komanso lodziwika. Izi ndi zomwe ziphuphu zomwe zimakhalapo ndi mapiramidi a ku Aigupto amatiuza. Mu nthawi ya chiyambi chakumbuyoko kunalikukula kwa zomangamanga kwambiri. Kuunika kunali zowoneka ngati chifaniziro cha Davide, chithunzi "Chilengedwe cha Adamu", komanso kujambula kwa Sistine Chapel. Ntchito zonsezi zimachitidwa ndi wongoganizira za nthawi yake - Michelangelo Buonarroti.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, chithunzi chinali kusuntha njira yatsopano. Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa "wamakono" umasonyezedwa pa ntchitoyi, chifukwa ntchito zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchitoyi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motere. Izi zinkakhudza makamaka kujambula ndipo zinawonetsedwa ndi ntchito za ojambula monga M. Vrubel, M. Deni ndi ena. Koma zomangamanga siziiwalika, panthawiyo ojambulawo monga E. Burdel ndi A. Mayol akugwira ntchito. Manja awo adalengedwa ambiri mwazojambula zojambulidwa, zomwe timakondwera nazo ndikuzikumbukira mpaka lero.

Kupititsa patsogolo kwakukulu ndi kuzindikira mtundu uwu wa luso lolandiridwa ku USSR. Dziko la Soviets linadzikonzekera mapulani a Napoleonic, ndipo zipilala zochititsa chidwi ndi zitsulo zinamveka bwino kwambiri malingaliro ake. Zokongola, zapamwamba, zofuna ziboliboli zimasonyeza kulimba mtima ndi mphamvu za mzimu wa ogwira ntchito nthawi imeneyo.

Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe awa

Izi zikuphatikizapo zomangamanga ndi zojambula. Zojambulajambula zimaphatikizapo zojambulajambula, zojambula, zipilala ndi mabasi, zojambula zojambulajambula ndi zokongoletsera, mawindo a magalasi odetsedwa komanso ngakhale ... akasupe. Tsopano mukutha kuona momwe ntchitoyi imagwirira ntchito. Nzosadabwitsa kuti kuzungulira padziko lapansi masauzamu ambirimbiri osungiramo zinthu zakale adalengedwera, kumene mapangidwe, mabasi ndi ziboliboli zosiyana siyana ndi mibadwo yosiyanasiyana zimakondedwa.

Zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana

Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu iwiri yowongoka: zojambulajambula ndi zojambula. Zojambula zokongoletsera zapamwamba zimakhala zojambula zosiyanasiyana, zojambula zamkati, zochepetsera, etc. Zimakhala ngati zokongoletsa ku chilengedwe ndipo zimakhala gawo limodzi, pokhala mbali yake yofunikira. Kujambula kwakukulu kumasiyanitsa njira zosiyanasiyana: ndizithunzi, magalasi, zithunzi, ndi zina zotero. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kujambula kwakukuluko kuli pamakonzedwe omwe amamanga kapena kumangidwe kosasunthika.

Nthaŵi ya USSR ndi mtundu woterewu

Zojambula zodziwika kwambiri zinali zamtengo wapatali ku USSR. Zimathandiza kuti chitukuko chimveke, maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino komanso kukonda dziko lawo. Zimakhudza mtima, zimapangitsa kukumbukira kosakumbukika komwe kumakhalabe mu moyo ndi mitima yonse ya ana komanso akuluakulu. Zojambula zachilengedwe za Soviet ndi zachibadwa muumunthu waumunthu komanso bungwe. Ntchito zojambula ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zimapangidwira kalembedwe, zikhoza kupezeka paliponse: pafupi ndi sukulu ndi masitereji, zomera ndi mapaki. Anasankhidwa kuti amange zipilala, ngakhale m'malo osadziwika kwambiri.

Kukonzekera kotereku kunafalikira pambuyo pa Revolution ya Oktoba, pamene dziko latsopano likumangidwa ndi malamulo atsopano, malamulo ndi chikhalidwe. Apa ndiye kuti ntchito za luso lamakono zinalandira ulemu wapadera pakati pa anthu. Ojambula onse, ojambula zithunzi, okonza mapulani adakondwera kupanga luso la luso lowonetsa kuti nthawi yasintha, moyo watsopano, njira yatsopano ya moyo, zatsopano zopezeka mu sayansi ndi mtundu watsopano wamakono zafika.

Ntchito yosakhoza kufa

Chimodzi mwa zosaiŵalika kwambiri zozizwitsa za nthawi imeneyo chinali chithunzi chokongola kwambiri cha Vera Mukhina "Wogwira Ntchito ndi Mlimi Wachilimi Wonse", akudzipereka kugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi zochita zamanyazi za Soviet people. Mbiri ya chipilalayi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yophunzitsa. Mu 1936 kumanga nyumba ya nyumba ya Soviets, pomwe pamwamba pake pamakhala chipilala choti "Wogwirira Ntchito ndi Mlimi Womwe Anagwira Ntchito". Kupanga zojambulajambula zidasankhidwa ambuye abwino, kuphatikizapo Vera Mukhina. Anapatsidwa ntchito kwa miyezi iwiri ndipo anati fanoli liyenera kuimira awiri - wogwira ntchito komanso wogulitsa. Lingaliro lomwelo linakwaniritsidwa ndi ojambula anayi mosiyana. Winawake anaima mwakachetechete komanso mosasamala, wina wotsutsana naye, mwadzidzidzi anang'amba, ngati kuti akuyesera kumupeza. Ndipo Mukhina Vera Ignatyevna yekha adagwira ntchito yake mphindi yokongola ya kuyamba, koma sanatsirize kuyenda. Icho chinali ntchito yake yomwe inavomerezedwa ndi commission. Tsopano chikumbutso "Wogwira Ntchito ndi Masukulu Athu Onse" chiri pa kubwezeretsedwa.

Kujambula kokongola: zitsanzo

Monga tanenera kale, luso la mtundu uwu limabwerera ku nthawi zakale. Ngakhale apo, zojambula zokongola zinalengedwa pamakoma a mapanga, zomwe zikuwonetseratu kusaka, miyambo yakale, ndi zina zotero.

Kujambula kokongoletsera kwadongosolo kumagawidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• Fresco . Chithunzichi chimapangidwa pa pulasitiki yonyowa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku pigment ngati mawonekedwe a ufa. Penti iyi ikauma, filimu imapangidwa, yomwe imateteza ntchito kuchokera ku zisonkhezero zakunja.
• Mosaic . Chithunzichi chimaikidwa pamwamba pa galasi kapena miyala yamitundu.
• Tempera . Ntchito za mtundu uwu zimapangidwa ndi utoto wochokera ku pigment wa masamba, woyeretsedwa mu dzira kapena mafuta. Mofanana ndi fresco, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa pulasitiki wouma.
• Galasi losungidwa . Zili zofanana ndi zojambulajambula, monga zimayikidwa mu zidutswa za galasi yamitundu yambiri. Kusiyanitsa ndiko kuti zidutswazo zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi ndi spikes, ndipo chotsirizidwa chimayikidwa pazenera kutsegulira.

Ntchito zodziwika kwambiri za kujambula kwakukulu ndizo frescoes za Theophanes the Greek, mwachitsanzo chithunzi cha "Lady of Don", mbali ina yomwe "Assumption of the Virgin" ikuwonetsedwa. Komanso ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito zogwiritsiridwa ntchito "Sistine Madonna" Raphael Santi, "Mgonero Womaliza" ndi Leonardo da Vinci ndi zojambula zina.

Zomangamanga zokongola: zojambula zojambula zamdziko lonse

Ojambula abwino akhala akuyenera kulemera kwa golidi. Choncho, dziko lapansi linapindula ndi zinthu monga Arc de Triomphe, ku Moscow, chikumbutso cha Peter 1 "The Bronze Horseman", chojambula cha David, chinaphedwa ndi Michelangelo ndipo chili mu Louvre, chifaniziro cha Venus wokongola, chimene manja ake amachotsedwa, ndi ena ambiri. Zojambula zamakono ndi zokongoletsera zimakondweretsa ndi kukopa malingaliro a mamiliyoni ambiri, omwe amafuna kuti aziwakonda mobwerezabwereza.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zomangamanga za mtundu uwu:

• Chikumbutso . Kawirikawiri ndi kujambula kwa munthu mmodzi kapena angapo omwe amaima osasunthika kapena ozizira panthawi zina. Anapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala, granit, marble.
• Chikumbutso . Amapitirizabe mwalawo mwambo uliwonse wambiri, monga Nkhondo Yachikristu, kapena umunthu wabwino.
• Mzere . Zomangamanga zimenezi ndi nkhonya yamwala, granite kapena marble, imayimirira ndipo imanyamula zolembera kapena chithunzi chilichonse.
• Obelisk. Iyi ndi chipilala chokhala ndi mbali zinayi zam'mwamba.

Kutsiliza

Zojambula zamakono ndizovuta komanso zovuta. Kwa anthu onse, zimayambitsa malingaliro osiyana, wina - kunyada kwa ambuye, kuti manja a munthu akhoza kupanga mbambande. Winawake akumva wodabwa: Kodi ntchito yotere ingagwiridwe bwanji ndi munthu wamba, chifukwa pali zambiri zazing'ono? Wowonanso wina amangoyima ndi kuyamikira zipilala za zojambula ndi zomangamanga, zonse zakale ndi zamakono. Koma zinthu zojambula zamakono sizidzasiya munthu aliyense. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti ambuye onse omwe achita chinachake mwa kalembedwe kameneka ali ndi zazikulu, zenizeni, zenizeni zenizeni, chipiriro ndi chikondi chopanda malire pa ntchito yawo.