Kodi glacier? Amphamvu oundana. Kodi ndi mmene oundana anapanga?

Kodi mukudziwa kuti dziko lapansili mu peresenti khumi madera ake ali ndi ayezi? Inde, awa kuonekera malo, malo woyera kuphimba kudera la makilomita lalikulu oposa 16 miliyoni. Choncho, ngakhale kuti zachilengedwe Alamu amene amangokhalira kulankhula za likutentha, Dziko Lapansi kukali icebound. Iwo ali pafupifupi kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za madzi onse atsopano - ndipo ichi ndi 25 miliyoni makilomita kiyubiki ayezi. Asayansi amati ngati izo zonse anali atasiya, madzi a m'nyanja lonse adzauka ndi makumi a mamita, zomwe zingachititse chiwonongeko chachikulu ndi chitayiko a mitundu yonse. Koma kodi ndi glacier? Kodi matalala Wopanda, ndakhuta madzi, dzina wonyada? M'nkhaniyi tiona mmene oundana anapanga, mmene moyo ndi komwe iwo amafa. Tikambirana tanthauzo la mawu monga chinenero, firn moraine. Ndipo ife kuphunzira mmene oundana ali m'magulu malinga akalozera osiyana.

Kodi glacier: tanthawuzo

Nazonse, otanthauzira ndi mabuku mosiyana kufotokoza mawu. Ndipo chimodzimodzi si bwino. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo otsatirawa: ". Unyinji pansi zachilengedwe ayezi mumlengalenga chiyambi, amene ali kayendedwe palokha, chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka" Tiyeni yesetsani kuwafotokozera m'chinenero Kufikika zimene glacier. Iwo wothinikizidwa pansi pa madziwo yake ya chisanu amene amasonkhana zaka m'madera otsika kutentha (Zapolyarniy kumpoto ndi zone okwera), kenako, kuchuluka kwa zithunzi buku m'madera ena (mu chigwa, ku nyanja). Ngati zimenezi zikuwoneka simukumvetsa, ndiye ife rastolkuem mosavuta. Pali m'madera kutentha zonse pansi pa ziro. Chamvula pali kugwa mu mawonekedwe olimba: chisanu, chisanu, chisanu, mitambo ozizira. Cumulatively, iwo ali wothinikizidwa pansi pa madziwo yake, ndipo anapanga glacier. Iye akuyamba moyo wake, kapena kutsegula kutsetsereka malirime namkholowa.

Snow, firn, ayezi

Mu mapiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kuona mmene pa zigwa wobiriwira uyenderere yowala nsonga woyera. Koma pamene yozizira analowa chake pa malire chapamwamba, sizitanthauza kuti oundana a inakhazikitsidwa. chisanu Choyamba ngati icing shuga, priporoshit pamwamba, mowala ndi fluffy. Chifukwa dongosolo ake otsegula mosavuta usavutike. Masana kapena m'chilimwe (ngati ndi mkulu kapena pafupi ndi Dziko Lapansi mizati) fluffy zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa kusungunula. Kenako amaundana kachiwiri. Koma uwu si akale fishnet asterisk. Zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa ku mipira olimba - firn. grit Izi anapeza zaka. Pansi pa madziwo yake firn akuyamba Ivy kachiwiri samasintha dongosolo lake. Apa ife kumvetsa za zimene glacier. Tanthawuzo la liwu ili Ponena wachitatu chomaliza gawo kusintha olimba mpweya.

Gawo

Anthu akhala ndinkadabwa chomwe ndi oundana. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti aliyense wa iwo ali geophysical kapena Madziwo yake mbali. Choncho pali kufunika gulu la oundana. Poyamba, panali n'kulephera mu openga. M'mayiko ena, kuganizira makhalidwe morphological, ena i zikuluzikulu makhalidwe Madziwo. Pali tsopano World kutsatira Service chifukwa oundana. Izi odalirika thupi lonse liri kutanthauzira kumatanthauza glacier, ndipo akusankha m'gulu mndandanda WGMS adzaupereka. Komabe, anayambitsa ntchito yatsopano pa gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe - GLIMS. Mu dziko lathu izo akadali ntchito m'ndandanda USSR oundana.

mitundu ya kuwundana

Malinga mapangidwe dera, misa unagawidwa chisanu pamwamba anaumitsa (❖ kuyanika), migodi zikawonongeka. Yoyamba ali m'dera waukulu. oundana awa anapanga pafupi mizati. Yaikulu ndi chivundikiro Antarctic. Malo - oposa 13 miliyoni makilomita lalikulu. Ndipotu glacier chimakwirira kontinenti yonse ya Antarctica. lachiwiri pa Square amatenga kuphimba Greenland - 2.250.000 ^km2. oundana m'mapiri amatchedwanso Alpine. Iwo anapanga m'madera a altitudinal zonation. Zidzachitika osati Alps, komanso ku HimalayasI, ndi Caucasus ndipo ngakhale mu Africa (Phiri Kilimanjaro). Koma maalumali ayezi - ndi chiyani ichi? Atapanga pansi M'madera a zitunda osaya kumalo ozizira. Nthawi zina malirime glacial kulowerera madzi ndi apo akuphedwa kupanga namkholowa. Iwo akhoza amasamukira, yotengekatengeka ndi mphepo ndi panopa, kwa mazana ambiri makilomita ku malo a kubadwa. The madzi oundana yaikulu mu dziko ili ku gombe kum'mawa kwa Antarctica. Izi Lambert glacier. m'litali ndi makilomita 700.

Kapangidwe ka glacier

Akatswiri kudziwa chisanu misa ku mbali ziwiri: okwanira kapena kudzikundikira, ndipo ablation. Amawapatula ndi otchedwa chisanu mzere. Pamwamba kuchuluka kwa mpweya olimba kuposa Uwerenge evaporation ndi kusungunuka. Ndi pansi chisanu mzere wa glacier akuyamba, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, koma akufa. Ndipotu, mawu akuti "ablation" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin monga kugwetsa, kulanda. Mukhoza kufotokoza njira imene glacier ndi matabwa ake. M'munda firn - dera lina kumene chisanu amapita metamorphosis ake. Achoke chinenero izo. Kutsetsereka pansi m'dera ndi apamwamba kutentha, iwo kusungunula, kudyetsa phiri nyanja ndi mitsinje. Koma lilime glacier ndi waukulu, iwo Finyani bokosi lapansi, nathawitsidwa kutsogolo kwa boulders ndi anakokera miyala. mankhwala amenewa ndi 'kuthamanga mu "otchedwa moraines.

Oundana paulendowu

Language kayendedwe liwiro kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. Chofunikira mtunda. Mwachitsanzo, mu lathyathyathya Antarctica, kutentha otsika kutembenukira Africa yense mu yaikulu m'munda glacier chisanu, ndi glacier limakula yekha mu msinkhu. Wosanjikiza makulidwe m'madera ena pafupifupi zisanu makilomita! Ndipo apa mu Alps Wopanda zinenero ndi mamita makumi asanu pa chaka. The yachangu ndi glacier Columbia pa Alaska Peninsula. liwiro lake alidi chodabwitsa - mamita makumi awiri patsiku! Kupita malirime a zigwa ufa omwe okha analenga, kuchipala pansi. Nthawi zina oundana zochepa firn kumunda: kutenga galimoto - maganizo pa paphiri kumpoto kwa phiri, matalala kulemera basi chimasungunula m'chilimwe ndi "adzapulumuka" mpaka yozizira kale wothinikizidwa.

ndi kuwundana zaphokoso Kodi

Nthawi zina kulemera kwa chipale chofewa si kwina. Asayansi iyo "akufa ayezi". Koma nthawi zina mu misa chisanu tiyambe kupeza njira yovuta kugwirizana ndi kukonzanso kwa mode zazikulu. Unyinji okwana ayezi sasintha. The mikangano ya kama kugawanika atilakwira. Zimenezi zimachititsa nthawi (pulsed) kusintha mlingo wa pasadakhale zinenero. Iwo anayamba "ikuyenda" mofulumira, kuchititsa zowononga ayezi anakhala. Pali pafupipafupi zina za kusintha kumeneku mwadzidzidzi. Choncho, asayansi anabwera ndi mawu akuti "kugunda oundana." Pafupipafupi kusintha chosintha angakhale osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Caucasus Kolka glacier nyemba pafupifupi kamodzi pa zaka 50 (1902.1969, 2002), ndi Pamirs Nyamuliranani - lililonse khumi (1963, 73, 89).

bwino misa

Izi ndi khalidwe waukulu glacier, kuwonjezera pa malo ake, kutalika kwa chinenero ndi liwiro. misa bwino - ndi chiyani ichi? The glacier umakhala kuzizira pamene amalandira wambirimbiri mpweya olimba ndi kuchepetsedwa chilimwe. Kulemera kwa chipale chofewa inasanduka firn amene anagwa kuchokera pamwamba yoyamba August mpaka mapeto a ozizira, yozizira amatchedwa bwino. Choncho, chilimwe - izi ndi kuchuluka anasungunuka ayezi ku kutentha vernal mpaka chisanu choyamba. Koma pachaka misa bwino - Uwerenge kudzikundikira ndi ablation.