Klein botolo: icho chiri

Zojambula chinthu, anadzatchedwa "Klein botolo", anafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1882 ndi German masamu Feliksom Kleynom. Ndi chiyani icho? chinthu ichi (kapena yeniyeni, ndi zojambula ndi topological pamwamba) chabe si m'dziko lathu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. zitsanzo onse amene zogulitsa mu masitolo mphatso, ndikuona, koma apatsa sadziwa zimene ndi Klein botolo. Pakuti momveka kwambiri, izo akufotokozedwa ngati izi: kulingalira botolo ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri. Ndiye maganizo kupanga izo mabowo awiri: mmodzi mwa khoma, ndipo chachiwiri pansi. Ndiye kupinda khosi, amaika mu dzenje khoma kunja mwa dzenje linanena bungwe mu pansi. Chinthu chifukwa ndi ziyerekezo wa chinthu adzakhala anayi ooneka enieni danga, amene ali weniweni Klein botolo, mu malo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena.

Klein botolo kufotokoza chinenero cha mawu masamu ndi kachitidwe sindinena kalikonse kwa nonprofessional. Ambiri osangalala tanthauzo ili: Klein botolo - ndi orientable zobwezedwa (kapena pamwamba) ndi angapo katundu. Pambuyo mawu akuti "katundu" mukhoza kuyamba mndandanda wautali ongokhala ntchito trigonometric, manambala, ndi Greek ndi zilembo za Chiroma. Koma likhoza kusokoneza munthu wosaphunzitsidwa, tiri ndi lingaliro la chimene ali ziyerekezo kwa mabotolo mu malo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena.

Chidwi mfundo: Dzina "Klein botolo", silikugwirizana uyu anali zambiri chifukwa cholakwa kapena misspelling wotanthauzira. Mfundo yakuti Klein, maganizo ake kugwiritsa ntchito mawu Fläche, ndiko kuti, "pamwamba" mu German. Mu "ulendo" ku Germany ndi mayiko ena kuti mawu lidzasinthidwa ofanana mu Flasche kulemba (botolo). Pamenepo akuti wabwerera ku dziko la chiyambi latsopano, kusinthidwa mawonekedwe, inde ndipo anakhalabe mpaka kalekale.

Kwa ojambula zithunzi ambiri (makamaka yopeka olemba) anaonekera wokongola mawu akuti "Klein botolo". ntchito yake khalidwe, ndi zina zazikulu "nkhope" anali chizindikiro cha "ozindikira" zopeka. Chotero Mwachitsanzo, nkhani yakuti "Illusionist Otsiriza" a anthu cholembera cha Bruce Elliot. Mu nkhani ya wothandizira wamatsenga udzaphwanya ndi woyang'anira wake, amene anachita zidule ndi zinayi ooneka enieni Klein botolo. Kunyamula botolo illusionist ndipo ali theka adalowetsedwa mu izo. Malinga ndi wolemba, botolo ili sangathe kuthyoledwa popanda kuwononga nkhani. Kotero ngati izo ziri kwenikweni - palibe amene anganene. Pa masamu osachepera, amene angathe kuyankha funso limeneli, si zododometsa, izo sikuthandiza sayansi.

Nthawi zina mwapadera Klein mabotolo zolinga malonda chotengera vinyo. Komabe, kuti botolo ngati ndi mwaukadaulo zovuta galasi, zimenezi zimafuna pamwamba kalasi galasi blower. Choncho, mtengo kwambiri ndi ntchito infrequently. A chiyesedwe cha luso ndi kupanga kupanga mabotolo chotero otaya si zomveka, chifukwa inafunika njira ntchito chodzaza mabotolo ndi madzi (pano, palinso zovuta). Ndi maganizo strangeness ndi zachilendo mwamsanga kuposa anachitazi mwangozi vinyo botolo la matambula a vinyo.