Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera: kufotokoza, masitepe, machenjelero ndinso mbali

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera ndizo magawo atatu motsatizana:

• nucleation;
• chitukuko;
• kubalana.

Zingakhale zophweka kapena zovuta. Zimenezi zikhoza chlorella, amene wachulukitsa spores mkombero yosavuta chabwino. Akutukuka izi algae wobiriwira amakhala cholandirira 4-8 autospores kuti kukula mkati mayi lake ndi okutidwa ndi chipolopolo zawo. Koma mwa ambiri chomera zovuta chitukuko adzizungulira, chomwe ndi losavuta 2-3.

NKHANI m'zinthu moyo wa zomera

An chuma chofunika wa zamoyo zonse ndi luso kubereka. Kuswana njira ndi:

• kugonana (gametes);
• asexual (spores);
• Vegetative (thupi mbali).

M'zinthu lovuta kubereka pali nthawi zonse magawo angapo osiyana gametes ndi zygotes. Gamete - zacha ndi haploid selo kugonana (wamba) ya DNA. The zygote ndi diploid (wapawiri) akonzedwa popangidwa ndi mgwirizano wa gametes awiri. Kuyambira zygote akufotokozera sporophyte, umene umabala spores haploid. Wa mkangano - ndi gametophyte, zomwe zimachitika kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi.

Mwachitsanzo, tingachite ravnosporovyh fern, amene ali m'mitundu iwiri wa anthu - yekha fern (sporophyte) ndi zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - ndi ana a akulu fern. Iye ali ndi kakafupi, koma amalowerera kubala limodzi krupnolistvennuyu payekha. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbewu chifukwa cha peculiarities la kubalana tichipeza kusinthana kwa mibadwo: kuchokera fern wamkulu prothallia mobwerezabwereza kwa fern wamkulu.

Njira kuswana

njira kugonana imabereka kwambiri zomera. Pamene izi zimachitika mapangidwe ndi chamoyo watsopano zygote pambuyo umuna ndi gametes kaphatikizidwe (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - kubereka popanda umuna - imanenanso kuti njira kugonana: thupi aumbike ku izogamety mwana umene umakhala izogamety ndi spores. kubereka pafupifupi nthawi zonse pamodzi ndi njira zina - vegetative kapena asexual, popeza yokha amakhala ndi zokolola otsika.

Pa nthawi yomweyo njira imeneyi ndi asexual kubalana opezeka Mumapezekanso, ndi molumikizana ndi vegetative njira - ena algae. Zomera mbewu mapangidwe maselo oberekera anachokera ku wocheperapo imodzi zygote, chifukwa mu ndondomeko imeneyi ili ngati palibe kubereka, ndi kubalana.

Pamene asexual kubalana anapanga zoospores - maselo popanda maselo makoma, imene zomera multicellular zimasungidwa mu sporangia wapadera, maselo atathana - aplanospory. Mosadalira njira yotero ya kubereka opezeka mu chikhalidwe chosowa kwambiri. Kawirikawiri ali pamodzi ndi kugonana kapena vegetative.

Pali 2 mitundu ya spores: mitospory zimene zimachitika m'kati asexual kubereka, ndi meiospores - zikuchitika pa kugonana. Mitospory kuoneka ntchito mitosis, chifukwa mu chitsanzo ngati mavabodi a. Meiospores anapanga kudzera meiosis pa kumera zygote kapena sporangia. Ambiri zomera yodziwika ndi njira zonse za kubereka, amene analandira mwa mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya nyama.

Vegetative njira kubalana

Mu kafalitsidwe vegetative chimake ndi wosiyana mu Akinetes - maselo mipanda. Iye ndi wosiyana mowa mayi ena a ziwalo - ndi ana kapena impso maselo. Mu njira iyi, kuchulukitsa ena zomera m'munsi, kuphatikizapo Sargassum, zofiirira ndi wofiira algae. Vegetatively zimafalitsidwa ngakhale maluwa zomera, monga duckweed. Ena mwa iwo anapanga anapiye masamba, imene imagwa pansi ndi mizu pali. impso amathanso nthambi kutali ndi wosiyana chomera mayi. Mu angiosperms, gulu sizachilendo chitukuko cha mphukira kwa rhizomes mobisa.

kufalitsidwa kwa zomera

Mmodzi wa gawo lotsiriza la kubalana ndi kufalitsa zomera. Mu chikhalidwe kungakhale 3 chimake Pamudzi: nyongolosi spores ndi mbewu. Nthawi zina kwambiri, kufalikira angayambe mwa zygotes. More Linnaeus zogwirizana mbewu ndi spore inafikira cryptogams ndi phanerogams zomera. Mtundu yachiwiri ndi gulu la gymnosperms ndi angiosperms, ndipo woyamba - magulu ena onse, kuphatikizapo algae, Moss ndi Mumapezekanso.

mbewu kafalitsidwe njira abwera yaitali zamoyo zinachita njira kuchokera vegetative kuti kugonana ndi asexual. Tsopano gulu la zomera spore mbewu si zogwirizana ndi kufalikira, ndi kubalana. njira mbewu allocated mu gulu osiyana chifukwa amaona kubalana pawiri spores ndi gametes. Mbewu kubalana kumafuna magawo angapo: mapangidwe zygotes, gametes, spores, mazira ndi umuna, komanso resettlement wa mbewu.

kusinthana kwa mibadwo

Zomera mu mawonekedwe a mibadwo awiri osiyana kunyamula mayina osiyanasiyana: kusintha kwa mtundu, kusinthana kwa mibadwo, etc. zolowa lalikulu fern ndi prothallia zinachitikira Mumapezekanso ravnosporovyh - ndi chitsanzo cha kusinthana kwa mibadwo chinali ndi magawo mitundu akula nyama ... mitundu awiriwa ali osiyana mu maonekedwe ndi kuchipeza wina ndi chomera chomwecho. Zarostok fern zovuta kuona ndi apoyera. Mu prothallia angiosperms analogue - Ndisanaumbidwe sac, yomwe ndi yaing'ono kwambiri ndiponso zobisika mu kuya kwa duwa. Mwa magulu ena a mitundu imeneyi mitundu algae ofanana mu maonekedwe, koma osiyana kwambiri makhalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Kusinthana kwa mibadwo amapezeka pafupifupi onse zomera apamwamba ndi chitukuko zinachokera algae.

m'zinthu moyo wa zomera apamwamba

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera apamwamba, kupatula bryophytes ndi yodziwika chakuti gametophyte ndi bwino akupangidwa ndi mkombero moyo ambiri amatenga sporophyte. zomera Bryophytes amasiyana kuti sporophyte akufotokozera mkati limba mkazi maliseche ndi akulumikizana mosalekeza ndi gametophyte lapansi. Pankhani ya leafy ndere izo zikuwoneka ngati bokosi ndi spores kukula kuchokera pamwamba pa gametophyte lapansi.

Ena a zomera apamwamba anatchula sporophyte, amene lalikulu ndi zovuta multicellular zamoyo ndi matupi monga masamba, mapesi ndi mizu. zomera ambiri munthu amene akuganizira pamene alankhula za horsetails, Mumapezekanso kapena magulu ena - sporophytes.

m'zinthu moyo wa zomera maluwa

Kwambiri hemayo mawu a kusanduka ndi maluwa zomera. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera maluwa yodziwika kuti Ndisanaumbidwe zambiri amatha kukhala dzira unfertilized (apomixis). Mawonekedwe osakhala a maluwa ndi heterosporous sporophyte woimira chomera masamba ndi zimayambira. Male gametophyte ukufanizidwa ndi mungu mbewu ndi yaikazi - Ndisanaumbidwe sac (akufotokozera mofulumira kuposa gymnosperms). Thupi monga kubereka ndi asexual ndi kuthawa kusinthidwa - duwa. Zoyamba za mbewu kutetezedwa ndi makoma a n'kuwasanganiza lapansi. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera za gulu kutha pambuyo umuna ndi mbewu mapangidwe, Ndisanaumbidwe amene ali kotunga zakudya ndi sikudalira zinthu zina.

m'zinthu moyo wa gymnosperms ndi angiosperms

gulu oyimirira wa gymnosperms conifers ndi zitsamba. Ambiri a iwo kusinthidwa singano ngati masamba. mkombero gymnosperms moyo amakhala ndi chakuti microspores (mungu) anapanga mu yaing'ono cones wamwamuna (Maluwa) ndi megaspory - mu wamkazi (ovule). Kuyambira microspore ndipamene gametophyte wamwamuna, ndi megaspory - wamkazi. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbewu ya gulu yodziwika mu umuna kuti kumachitika mwa mphepo, amene amapereka mungu kwa ovule lapansi. Kenako, mwa Ndisanaumbidwe ovule iyamba kukhala, ndipo mbewu opangidwa therefrom. Yankholo pamlingo mbewu undisguised. Mbewu amapereka sporophyte watsopano, amene amalima mbewu yatsopano.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa angiosperms amakhala mu gulu ili ali ndi maluwa, imene spores anapanga ndi gametophytes umuna ndi mbewu chitukuko. The peculiarity wa gulu - mu mbewu kuteteza, amene umabisika m'nyumba zipatso ndi kutetezedwa ku makhalidwe zachilengedwe.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa zomera spore

zomera n'ngopatsirana simuli pachimake, chifukwa iwo ali amatchedwanso cryptogamic. Iwo anabwera m'magulu awiri:

• apamwamba (Mumapezekanso, horsetails, ndere, kalabu ndere);
• m'munsi (algae, lichens).

M'zinthu moyo wa zomera n'ngopatsirana malingana ndi mtundu akhoza kupita pogonana kapena asexually chimake. Iwo sangakhoze kubereka njira kugonana popanda nawo malo m'madzi. gametophyte ntchito kubereka, koma asexual - sporophyte. Pali subgroups awiri zomera spore: haploid ndi diploid. Mu subgroup haploid zikuphatikizapo ndere, Mumapezekanso, horsetails ndi imene gametophyte zambiri olemera ndi sporophyte aumbike monga prothallia. Haploid subgroup yodziwika chakuti sporophyte ndi udindo Kumvetsela ku izo.

m'zinthu moyo wa zomera: dera

Ndere - oimira mitundu wosazindikira zomera apamwamba. Ali kugawanika ochiritsira kwambiri za thupi pa tsinde ndi masamba m'malo mizu - filamentous rhizoids. Iwo kukula mu lowe, malo chinyezi ndi chinyezi asanduke nthunzi kwambiri. Amaberekana mwa kugonana, ndi sporophyte amadalira gametophyte ndi, spores anapanga mu bokosi yakucemerwa, limene lili gametophyte ndi amagwirizana ndi izo.

Oimira Mumapezekanso masamba lalikulu pinnate (sporangia imakonzedwa pa mbali m'munsi). Chomera ali ndi dongosolo kutchulidwa muzu, ndi pepala ndi kwenikweni mchitidwe wa nthambi wotchedwa vayey kapena predpobegom. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbewu Mumapezekanso gulu tichipeza awiri magawo: kugonana ndi asexual. Gawo kugonana kumachitika ndi nawo gametes ndi asexual - mkangano. m'badwo Asexual imayamba ndi zygote diploid, ndi kugonana - ndi spores haploid. Zolowa magawo awa ndi gawo lalikulu la kuzungulira.