Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya kachitidwe cholandilira kachipangizo. Ntchito yaikulu ya maselo maselo a

Mantha dongosolo munthu amene amachita chipangizo mawunikidwe ndi kupanga zomwe kupereka anatengera kudya ziwalo ndi machitidwe kusintha chilengedwe kunja ndi mkati. Amaonera zikuchitika kwa chilengedwe ndi chifukwa kapangidwe kuphatikizapo ndondomeko ya manyuroni afferent, glial munali maselo oligodendrocytes kapena lemmotsity. Ayambanso zikuchitika kunja kapena mkati mwa zochitika bioelectric, wotchedwa malemeredwe, kapena kugula mitsempha. nyumba amatchedwa zolandilira. M'nkhani ino tikukambirana kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya maselo a machitidwe osiyanasiyana imalandira anthu.

Mitundu ya molekezera mitsempha

Mu thunthu, pali machitidwe angapo gulu. The maselo ambiri anawagawa chosavuta (zigwirizana wina minyewa Mphukira) ndi zovuta (gulu la neurocytes wothandiza ndi maselo glial mu zikuchokera apadera kwambiri imalandira limba). Kutengera pa kapangidwe ka njira imalandira. iwo anawagawa pulayimale ndi sekondale mapeto neurocyte centripetal. Izi zosiyanasiyana zolandilira pakhungu: ndi nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors ndi njira ubongo kuti innervate za m'mimba. Secondary zaminyewa ena ofanana ndi kulenga angathe kuchitapo kanthu poyankha kuwalimbikitsa ndi (zolandilira kulawa, kumva, bwino). Ndodozo ndi cones kwa wosanjikiza photosensitive wa diso - ndi diso - mu malo wapakatikati pakati vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi a kwenikweni ndi mitsempha mathero.

kachitidwe kena gulu zachokera kusiyana kumeneku, monga ngati kuwalimbikitsa. Ngati mkwiyo amachokera chilengedwe, exteroreceptors ndiye anazindikira (monga phokoso fungo). A kukondoweza kwa mkati zinthu zachilengedwe kusanthula interoreceptors: choipidwa, proprioceptors, maselo vestibular tsitsi. Choncho, kachitidwe kachipangizo cholandilira ntchito chifukwa dongosolo awo ndi malo malo ziwalo mphamvu.

Lingaliro la analyzers

Pofuna kusiyanitsa ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa mfundo za chilengedwe kunja ndi mogwirizana nacho, anthu, pali wapadera anatomical ndi thupi nyumba otchedwa chowunikira, kapena kachitidwe kachipangizo. Russian wasayansi I. P. Pavlov akufuna chiwembu izi kwa nyumba zawo. Dipatimenti kutoma akhacemerwa zotumphukira (cholandilira). Chachiwiri - mawaya, ndi wachitatu - chapakati kapena yokhudza kotekisi.

Mwachitsanzo, zithunzi dongosolo kachipangizo zikuphatikizapo retinal maselo chipangizo - ndodo ndi cones, awiri chamawonedwe mitsempha ndi kotekisi inali kumbuyo kwa izo.

Ena analyzers, monga tanenera kale Makutu zithunzi ndi monga mlingo doretseptorny - zina nyumba anatomical, kuwongolera maganizo a zikuchitika mokwanira. Pakuti khutu ili Makutu akunja ndi pakati, dongosolo zithunzi - kuwala refracting gawo la diso, kuphatikizapo sclera ndi, amadzimadzi nthabwala za zapambuyo chipinda, mandala, thupi vitreous. Tiona mbali zotumphukira wa chowunikira ndi kuyankha mafunso okhudza zimene ntchito ya maselo a wake.

Monga maselo ndazindikira zikuchitika

Izi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana (kapena cytosol a) Kodi mamolekyulu opangidwa mwapadera mapulotini, komanso machitidwe zovuta - glycoproteins. Mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe, zinthu izi zisinthe kasinthidwe awo okhudza malo ngati mbendera selo ndi magulu izo kuyankha mokwanira.

Ena mankhwala otchedwa ligands, zimakhudza njira imalandira wa khungu, chifukwa mmenemo ndi transmembrane ion mafunde. Mapuloteni plasmalemma ndi katundu satero, pamodzi ndi zimam'patsa mamolekyulu (.. Ie zolandilira) ntchito monga annten - kuzindikira ndi kusiyanitsa ligands.

ionotropic njira

mtundu wina wa maselo maselo - ionotropic njira imapezeka Kakhungu, ndi luso kutsegula kapena oletsedwa atamwa mankhwala chizindikiro vesschestv Mwachitsanzo H-acetylcholine cholandilira, vasopressin, ndi insulin zolandilira.

Ndi nyumba okhudza maselo ambiri amalabadira monga galamafoniyo zinthu, zomwe kumumanga kuti ligand, ndiyeno kudutsa mu phata la. Mankhwala yace anapanga ndi DNA kuti tizikonda kapena ziletsa galamafoniyo imene imachititsa umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu ya maselo maselo a - amaonera zizindikiro chilengedwe ndi malamulo a zochita pulasitiki kuwombola.

Ndodo ndi cones: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Izi maselo diso anatani zikuchitika zithunzi - photons, zomwe zimabweretsa molekezera mitsempha mu ndondomeko malemeredwe. Iwo ali inki lapadera: iodopsin (cones) ndi rhodopsin (ndodo). Timitengo anakwiyitsa kuwala crepuscular ndipo sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu. Cones ndi udindo masomphenya mtundu ndipo anawagawa mitundu itatu, omwe muli photopigment osiyana. Choncho, maso cholandilira ntchito zimadalira zimene mtundu wa kuwala tcheru mapuloteni, kumaphatikizapo. Coli chifukwa zithunzi kuzindikira m'kuunika otsika ndi cones ndi udindo acuity zithunzi ndi mtundu maganizo.

Chikopa - tanthauzo limba

molekezera mitsempha ya manyuroni m'gulu dermis ndi amasiyana pa dongosolo awo ndi kulabadira zimene zikuchitika zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe: kutentha, kuthamanga, mawonekedwe pamwamba. Nchito khungu zolandilira - kulandira ndi kusintha zikuchitika mu nyemba magetsi (galimoto ndondomeko). Kwa maselo kuthamanga monga corpuscles Meissner yomwe ili ku wosanjikiza pakati pa khungu - ndi dermis angathe chatsankho zikuchitika wochenjera (ndi otsika tilinazo pakhomo).

Ndi baroreceptors ndi corpuscles Pacinian. Iwo zili mafuta subcutaneous. cholandilira ntchito - nociceptor ululu - chitetezo zikuchitika tizilombo. Komanso, ngati mitsempha mathero a khungu imakonzedwa ziwalo zonse za mkati ndipo ndi mawonekedwe a afferent nthambi mphukira. Thermoreceptors ukhoza kukhala mu khungu ndi ziwalo za m'kati - Mitsempha wa chapakati mantha dongosolo. Iwo wachinsinsi monga kutentha ndi kuzizira.

Ntchito ya mapeto awa imalandira akhoza zochuluka, malinga ndi malangizo ndi changu chimene kusintha kutentha kwa padziko khungu. Choncho, ntchito za maselo khungu zosiyanasiyana ndipo amadalira dongosolo lawo.

Limagwirira nzeru za zikuchitika Makutu

Exteroreceptors - maselo tsitsi, amene tilinazo mkulu zikuchitika chokwanira - mafunde phokoso. Iwo amatchedwa monomodal ndipo vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Ili mu chiwalo cha Corti wa khutu mkati, nalowa cochlea lapansi.

Pa chipangizo chiwalo cha Corti ndi ofanana ndi zeze. zolandilira Makutu anapatsa perilymph ndi kukhala, ku malekezero a microvilli wa gululo. oscillations madzimadzi chifukwa maselo kuyabwa tsitsi, kudutsa mu zochitika bioelectric - zikhumbo mitsempha, mwachitsanzo kumva lilime ntchito - .. ndi maganizo a zizindikiro ndi mawonekedwe a mphepo youlutsa mawu, ndipo kusinthika awo mu ndondomeko malemeredwe.

zolandilira Contact kukoma

Aliyense wa ife ali ndi ubwino chakudya ndi zakumwa. Flavoring lonse chakudya timazindikira mwa chiwalo cha kukoma - chinenero. Lili amitundu inayi molekezera mitsempha isanafalikire motere: nsonga ya lilime - gustatory papillae kusiyanitsa wokoma, pa muzu wake - owawa, wowawasa ndi mchere ndi kusiyanitsa zolandilira zipupa zam'mbali. Zikuchitika ku mitundu yonse ya lilime molekyulu mathero ndi mankhwala microvilli anazindikira masamba kulawa, ndi mlongoti.

Kulawa cholandilira ntchito - decode mankhwala kuwalimbikitsa ndi kusintha izo mu zimachitika magetsi kubwera neurotransmission mu kotekisi kukoma. Tikumbukenso kuti nsonga zamabele ndi wophatikizidwa ndi molekezera mitsempha ya chowunikira olfactory, yomwe ili amphuno mucosa. Zotsatira kuphatikiza a dongosolo awiri kachipangizo wagundika mouthfeel ndi kumalimbitsa anthu.

mwambi wa fungo

Komanso kukoma, dongosolo olfactory kuyankha mitsempha mathero awo pa mamolekyulu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Limagwirira yomwe mankhwala odorous limakhumudwitsa babu olfactory, pamene asanamvetsetse. Asayansi kuti kusonyeza tinthu kucheza ndi manyuroni osiyana fungo kwenikweni kwa amphuno mucosa. Akatswiri ena amanena kukondoweza kwa maselo olfactory kuti kusonyeza mamolekyulu ndi wamba magulu zinchito (mwachitsanzo, aldehyde kapena phenol) ndi zinthu mu ubongo imalandira.

olfactory cholandilira ntchito ndi mu maganizo a mkwiyo, ndi zosiyanasiyana yake yomasulira mu ndondomeko malemeredwe. Total mababu olfactory mu mucosa wa m'mphuno ukufika 60 miliyoni omwe amaperekedwa ndi ambiri cilia, kuthandiza kuwonjezera malo wonse wa kukhudzana pakati pa lilime munda wa mamolekyulu ndi mankhwala - zofukiza.

The molekezera mitsempha ya zida za vestibular

Khutu mkati ndi thupi amachititsa kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana zochita galimoto, thupi kukhalabe boma la mgwirizano, komanso kupezeka mu lathu reflex. Iwo ali maganizo chidwi semicircular otchedwa kukhotakhota ndi anatomically chikugwirizana ndi chiwalo cha Corti. The njira zitatu ndi fupa mitsempha mathero kumizidwa endolymph lapansi. Pamene kuweramira mutu ndi torso, izo fluctuates, zomwe zimabweretsa mkwiyo wa mathero mitsempha pa malekezero a.

Sami vestibular zolandilira - tsitsi maselo - amakhudzana ndi Kakhungu lapansi. Iwo wapangidwa ndi timibulu chabwino kashiamu carbonate - otolith. Pamodzi ndi endolymph, iwonso anayamba kusuntha, kuti ndi irritant kuti njira mitsempha. Ntchito yaikulu ya ngalande semicircular ya lilime amadalira malo ake: m'matumba iye angachitire yokoka ndi kulamulira bwino mutu ndi thupi pa mpumulo. kutsekedwa kwenikweni ankakhala mu ampoules mgwirizano limba kayendedwe kusintha kulamulira ziwalo (zazikulu yokoka).

Udindo wa cholandilira mu mapangidwe madera ubongo

Kodi chiphunzitso cha bongo, kuyambira maphunziro a Descartes ndi kupezedwa lofunika I. P. Pavlova ndi I. M. Sechenova, maziko mfundo ntchito ubongo monga yankho okwanira wa chamoyo kuti kukhudzana zikuchitika chilengedwe kunja ndi mkati; anali nawo chapakati mantha dongosolo - ubongo ndi msana. Kaya yankho, zazing'ono ngati bondo-kugwedezeka, kapena chombo monga kulankhula, kukumbukira kapena kuganiza, woyamba kugwirizana phwando - maganizo ndi tsankho la zikuchitika malinga ndi mphamvu zawo, matalikidwe, mwamphamvu.

zosiyanasiyana amenewa ikuchitika machitidwe kwenikweni kuti I. P. Pavlov amatchedwa "tentacles ubongo." Aliyense chowunikira cholandilira ntchito monga tinyanga kuti kukatenga zikuchitika ndipo akufufuza mpata wa chilengedwe: kuwala kapena phokoso mafunde, mamolekyulu mankhwala, zinthu zakuthupi. ntchito Physiologically yachibadwa popanda machitidwe kupatulapo kwenikweni zimadalira ntchito ya gulu loyamba, wotchedwa zotumphukira, kapena cholandilira. Kwa iye ochokera mosachotsera, Arc reflex (bongo).

owayimira

Izi mankhwala biologically yogwira, kuchita kulanda malemeredwe ku ubongo wina ku nyumba ina yapadera - synapses. Iwo tochoka ndi axon neurocyte woyamba ndi zochita monga kuwalimbikitsa ndi, kuchititsa zikhumbo mitsempha ya lilime mapeto a mitsempha selo. Choncho, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya timene ndi maselo n'zogwirizana. Komanso, ena neurocytes angathe kumasuka transmitters awiri kapena kuposa, mwachitsanzo, asidi glutamic ndi aspartic, zikuwonjezereka masiku ano ndi GABA.