India wakale

Hindustan kudela asakhalenso dziko lonse kuchokera pafupifupi onse mbali. Mu kumpoto okha kwa Pamirs ndi Himalaya, kum'mwera - nyanja, kumpoto-kum'mawa - zithaphwi kuwoloka, nkhalango zotentha ndi okwera.

India ku Middle Ages anali anaphatikizana ndi anthu amene anabwera kuchokera kumpoto, kupyolera ili wamakono Afghanistan, phiri akudutsa. Kudela mwachirengedwe anagawa bwino kwambiri pa chikweza Deccan (South) ndi Plain m'mayiko a Gangetic (North).

Ancient India anali wotchuka ulimi wake anayamba. Makamaka oyenera mtundu umenewu anali m'chigwa cha Ganges ndi Indus. Kuyenera anati kuti ubwenzi mabeseni mtsinje ndi Dean zinali zovuta kwambiri. Komabe, Punjab ndi chipata ndi zonse kudzera zomwe alendo atagonjetsa m'chigwa. kudela nyengo amalola kuti asonkhane awiri mwachilungamo wolemera yokolola kwa chaka. Koma pa mbali ya malire a mphepo, madzi osefukira, chilala. masoka izi dooms anthu njala.

Ancient India anali anthu mafuko Australoid mpikisano. Anthu awa anali kukhala m'dera la Indochina kale kum'mwera kwa Iran. Pa kudela nayenso anakhala Caucasians. Iwo anasakaniza ndi mbadwa, kuti amvetse mu mawu a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.

Pafupifupi 7-5 m'ma BC. e. India wakale kumpoto kunkakhala mwa mafuko a Dravidians. Zinenero m'mayiko amenewa anaphatikizapo mu Nostratic macrofamily (pamodzi ndi m'mayiko a European zinenero zina). The chachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e. Ancient India ndi anthu a m'mayiko - m'mayiko a Aryans. Izi mtundu 1 m'ma BC. e. Zimakhala anthu yaikulu ya Magawo kumpoto. mtundu Dravidoyazychnye ankatembenukira kum'mwera pansi kuthamanga kwa Aryans choncho kudziona resettlement, assimilating ambiri mwa anthuwa ndi.

Kuyambira 7 m'ma BC. e. mu mchigwa cha Indus ndi Saraswati mitsinje anayamba chitukuko cha chuma zipatso. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 3 Dravidian analenga m'madera amenewa choyamba chitukuko. Mu sayansi, anadziwika monga Harappan kapena India. Chitukuko polima midzi m'tawuni kuti inkakhala ndi mipanda, kuikidwa m'manda pamodzi ndi njerwa zowotcha. Yaikulu ya mabuku a Mohenjodaro ndi Harappa (tsopano lotchedwa).

Onse a mumzindawo, kaya kukula kwake, osiyana zonse mbali ziwiri dongosolo: pa okwera yokumba wa citadel analekana ndi otsala a battlements wapadera Pamudzi. Kamangidwe chikusonyeza mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu wa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa yomwe statehood. M'midzi anagwira amakona anayi magawano mu kumpanda, amene tikulephera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, anthu Mohenjodaro a dongosolo la makumi angapo anthu ambiri. kumpanda osiyana (nthawi) mkulu mlingo kwambiri kuchita - kwambiri patsogolo kuchimbudzi ndi madzi kachitidwe.

Dravidians anachita ndi kumanga chadzaoneni. Makamaka, anamanga mathanki aakulu, amene ankafuna kuti magalimoto ngalawayo ndi zida ndi maloko.

Chiwerengero ntchito syllabic kulemba dongosolo. Pa gawo la wakale zitsulo Indian mkuwa bwino anakamba. Ofukula zosiyanasiyana zisindikizo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza woyambirira ubale chuma payekha. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe chitukuko Indian anali achilendo malonda, dziko ndi nyanja.

Chipembedzo India wakale, dongosolo la makhalidwe, maganizo analimbikitsa ndi pakati pa 1st m'ma BC. e. Chitukuko Chili makampani-collectivist ndi payekha wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka chiyambi. M'mawu ena, tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu ali mu chimwemwe ndi ufulu wa umunthu, amene nawonso, sanathe anafika kunja kwa anthu.