Homer: lalifupi mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Homer, amene yonena tsopano chidwi ambiri - woyamba ndakatulo ya Greece wakale, amene ntchito anapulumuka. Lero, ndi chimodzi cha ku Ulaya andakatulo abwino. Komabe, pa Homer palibe mfundo zodalirika kumeneko. Komabe, ife kuyesa kukonza osachepera mawu ambiri, mbiri yake, malinga ndi zomwe zilipo.

Kodi Homer dzina?

Dzina "Homer" anali woyamba kutchulidwa m'ma 7. BC. e. Iwo anali anaitana Kallin Efessky monga mlengi wa "Thebaid". Ubwino dzina la ndayesera kufotokoza m'masiku a masiku amakedzana. Tikupereka mungachite izi: "akhungu" (Ephorus): "Tsatirani" (Aristotle), "akapolo" (Gesihy). Komabe, ofufuza zamakono zomwe amakhulupirira kuti iwo ali monga zosakhutiritsa monga mwa maganizodwe a asayansi ena amanena kuti tanthauzo la "accompanist" kapena "slagatel". Ndithudi mawu ndi dzina lenileni munthu mu maonekedwe ake amaayoni.

Kumene ndinachokera Homer?

Wambiri mwa ndakatulo iyi zitha ankamangidwanso hypothetically. Amenewa ngakhale kuti malo a kubadwa kwa Homer, amene akadali osadziwika. Mizinda asanu ndi anamenyera ufulu kukhala kumene anabadwira: Chios, Smurna, Salami, Colophon, Argos, Rhodes, Athens. Zikuoneka kuti "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" zinalengedwa pa Asia Minor gombe la Greece, amene kunkakhala anthu pa nthawi ya mafuko Ionian. Ndipo mwina ndakatulo zimenezi analemba ena mwa zilumba ozungulira. Homeric chilankhulo Komabe, sanapereke mfundo iliyonse yeniyeni za fuko a Homer, yemwe mbiri akhala chinsinsi. Ndi osakaniza Aeolian amaayoni m'zilembo ndi Greek. Akatswiri ena amati ndi mawonekedwe anapanga kale koine Homer a ndakatulo.

ngati Homer anali wakhungu?

Homer - Greek ndakatulo, amene yonena wakhala ankamangidwanso ambiri, kuyambira nthawi zakale masiku ano. Amadziwika kuti pachikhalidwe akuonetsedwa akhungu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, ndi lingaliro la ndi kumanganso wa mtundu wanyimbo ankaikira mbiri yakale, osati chifukwa mfundo zenizeni za Homer. Popeza anthu ambiri lodziwika bwino oimba ndi aneneri anali akhungu (makamaka Tiresias), malinga ndi mfundo za Kale, yolumikiza mphatso ndakatulo ndi uneneri, kopanda kuti Homer anali wakhungu, izo zinkawoneka ndithu.

zaka Homer a moyo

chronographs yakale yoyendera amasiyana kudziwa nthawi imene Homer moyo. Wolemba amene mbiri kudera, anakhoza kulenga ntchito zawo mu zaka zosiyana. Ena amakhulupirira kuti anakhala ndi moyo wa Trojan nkhondo, ndiko kuti, tikukhala mu m'ma 12. BC. e. Komabe, Herodotus ananena kuti Homer anakhala mozungulira cha m'ma 9. BC. e. Asayansi a lero timakonda chibwenzi ntchito zake 8 kapena m'ma 7 BC. e. Pa nthawi yomweyo monga danga lalikulu amoyo anasonyeza Chios kapena dera lina la Ionia, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Asia Minor.

Homer zilandiridwenso

Homer Kale, kupatulapo "The Odyssey" ndi "Iliad", amene amati olemba ndakatulo ndi zina zingapo. Tsiku anasunga zidutswa izi zingapo mwa iwo. Koma masiku ano, anthu akukhulupirira kuti zinalembedwa ndi wolemba, amene ankakhala pasanafike Homer. Izi ndi azithunzithunzi ndakatulo "Margaret", "Homeric Hymn" ndi ena.

Mwachionekere, "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" linalembedwa patapita nthawi yaitali zotchulidwa ntchito zimenezi. Komabe chilengedwe awo akhoza kukhala ndi madeti osati kale kuposa 6 m'ma BC. e., pamene moyo wawo anali molondola olembedwa. Choncho, Homer moyo akhoza zimachitika nthawi kuchokera 12 mpaka 7 m'ma BC. e. Komabe, tsiku atsopano ndi mwina kwambiri.

The duel pakati Hesiod ndi Homer

Kodi mungachite amatiuza za ndakatulo chachikulu ichi, Homer? Wambiri ana zambiri sanena mfundo Komabe, pali miyambo ya duel ndakatulo unachitikira pakati Hesiod ndi Homer. Limafotokonzera bukhu, pasanafike 3 kulengedwa. BC. e. (Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti kale kwambiri). Iyo imatchedwa "Mpikisano wa Homer ndi Hesiod." Iwo akutiuza kuti ngati ndakatulo anakumana naye masewera polemekeza Amfidema imachitika pa za. Euboea. Apa iwo ikamawerengedwa ndakatulo yabwino. Woweluza milandu pa mpikisano anali mfumu Paneda. Chigonjetso anali amaitcha kuti Hesiod, chifukwa anaitanitsa mtendere ndi ulimi, osati kuti aphe ndi nkhondo. Komabe, pa mbali ya Homer anali omvera chifundo.

Nkhani "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad"

Mu sayansi, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 maganizo anapambana kuti "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" - sakhulupirira ntchito. Komabe, adatsutsa zofukulidwa Genriha Shlimana, amene anakhala pa Mycenae ndi pa phiri Hissarlik mu 1870-80-ntchentche. Kupezeka zokopa wa ofukula anasonyeza kuti Mycenae, Troy ndi Achaean citadel analipo kwenikweni. M'nthawi anawapha. ndi wasayansi German wapeza makalata ake mu 4 hema manda ili Mykonos, anapanga Homer mafotokozedwe. Kenako, Aigupto ndi Mhiti zikalata, zomwe zikuoneka likufanana ndi zochitika za Trojan nkhondo anapezeka. A zambiri zokhudza zimene ndakatulo kupatsidwa nthawi chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti pa Mycenaean syllabic kulemba. Komabe, ntchito izi za Homer ndi kupezeka zopelekedwa ndi pofukula magwero akukhudzana m'njira zovuta ndipo sangathe Choncho ntchito uncritically. kuti pa mwambo wa mtundu uwu kupotoza lalikulu deta mbiri muzichita.

Homer ndi dongosolo la maphunziro, onyenga Homer

Dongosolo Greek wa maphunziro, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi mapeto a nyengo ya yapamwamba, zinali zochokera kuphunzira mozama Homer. ndakatulo wake analoweza lonse kapena mbali pa nkhani iwo akutha kungotchula, ndi zina zotero. D. Kenako Rome anabwereka dongosolo lino. Apa, kwa 1st m'ma BC. e. Homer m'malo ndi Virgil. ndakatulo Large gekzametricheskie zinalengedwa m'nyengo Postclassic mu chilankhulo cha wolemba wakale Greek, komanso mpikisano kapena Potsanzira "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad". Monga mukuonera, anthu ambiri chidwi zilandiridwenso ndi yonena za Homer. Mwachidule zili ntchito zake inakhala maziko a ntchito za olemba ambiri amene ankakhala mu Roma. Pakati pawo zolembedwa ndi Apollonius cha Rhodes 'Argonautica ", mankhwala a Nonna Panopolitanskogo" The Zopatsa Chidwi cha Diyonisiyo "ndi Quintus wa Smurna" zochitika Poslegomerovskie. " Pozindikira ubwino Homer ndi ndakatulo zina za Greece wakale kupewa kupanga lalikulu epic mawonekedwe. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ungwiro opanda cholakwa chingapezeke yekha mu ntchito yaing'ono.

Homer chikoka pa mabuku a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

Mu mabuku Roma, woyamba ntchito kupulumuka (ngakhale mpukutu) anali kumasulira "The Odyssey". Ine anamupanga iye Greek Liviy Andronik. Onani kuti ntchito yaikulu ya mabuku a Ancient Rome - ndi "Aeneid" Virgil - choyamba mabuku asanu ndi kutsanzira "Odyssey", ndipo m'mbuyomu asanu - ". Iliad" Pafupifupi ntchito za Kale, inu mukhoza kuzindikira chikoka cha ndakatulo amene analenga Homer.

Wambiri ndi ntchito chidwi iye, ndi Byzantines. Mu dziko lino, Homer ankaphunzira. Pakali pano, ambiri m'mipukutu Byzantine za ndakatulo zake anapezeka. Ku ntchito kwake, ndi kale lonse. Komanso, asayansi analenga ndemanga Byzantine ndi scholia kuti Homer analemba ndi wolembedwa ndakatulo wake. Zisanu ndi mabuku amatenga Comment Bishop Eustache iwo. m'mipukutu ya Chigiriki mu zaka zomalizira za Ufumu wa Byzantine, ndiyeno pambuyo kuwonongeka anabwera West. Kotero icho chinali anapeza Homer Kubadwa Kwatsopano nyengo.

Short yonena za ndakatulo iyi, olengedwa mwa ife, masamba mafunso osathetsedwa ambiri. Onse pamodzi zimapanga Homeric Funso. Kodi kuwathetsa, ofufuza osiyana? Dziwani izi.

funso Homeric

N'ngofunikabe Homeric Funso. Izi ya nkhani zokhudza analembedwa "The Odyssey" ndi "Iliad", komanso makhalidwe a Mlengi wawo. pluralists ambiri, asayansi ankaganiza kuti ndakatulo zimenezi ndi kuti Yehova sangapezeke mwa mawonekedwe a zolengedwa za Homer, kumene monga momwe ambiri amakhulupirira, kulibe. Ananena kuti chilengedwe 6 m'ma BC. e. asayansi amenewa amakhulupirira kuti ndakatulo analengedwa, mwina Athens, pamene nyimbo za olemba zosiyanasiyana, munaupereka ku mibadwomibadwo, asonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ndi zitalembedwa. Unitarians M'malo mwake, ankateteza mgwirizano compositional ntchito Homer, motero wapadera mlengi awo.

Homer

Epics la wolemba wakale Greek - namatetule, ntchito yaulere ya luso. Kwa zaka zambiri, iwo anataya tanthauzo lakuya ndi zoyenerera. Nkhani ndi ndakatulo imodzi ndi wina anatengedwera ku mkombero Mipikisano faceted ndi yaikulu nthano polimbana ndi Trojan nkhondo. "The Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" zikuimira Nthaŵi yaing'ono zino. Mwachidule zimaonetsa mankhwala kumaliza nkhani zathu za munthu wamkulu uyu, ngati Homer. Ndakatulo, lalifupi yonena kuti ankakambirana, walenga mankhwala wapadera.

"Iliad"

Iwo umalankhula za zochitika za chaka cha 10 cha Trojan nkhondo. Ndakatulo umatha ndi imfa ndi kuikidwa m'manda kwa waukulu Trojan wankhondo Hector. Zochitika za zina za nkhondo silinena akale Greek ndakatulo Homer, amene lalifupi yonena anapereka pamwamba.

Nkhondo - chingwe chachikulu cha ndakatulo, ndi mbali yaikulu ya zilembo zake. Mbali ina ya ntchito ndi kuti nkhondo akufotokozedwa nkhondo zambiri osati monga wamagazi misa, ndi zilembo nkhondo munthu amene kuonetsa mphamvu yapadera, kulimba mtima, luntha ndi kupirira. Pakati m'mikangano ya tingaone duel chifungulo cha Achilles ndi Hector. Karate Diomedes Agamemnon ndipo anafotokoza Menelaüs zochepa amunamuna ndi expressiveness. yowala kwambiri mu "Iliad" akuonetsedwa zizolowezi, miyambo ndi mbali ya makhalidwe a moyo, makhalidwe ndi moyo wa Agiriki akale.

"The Odyssey"

Tikhoza kunena kuti mankhwala ndi zovuta kuposa "Iliad." Mu izo ife tikupeza kwambiri mbali, lero lino ankafufuza ku mawonedwe mabuku. Mu ichi ndakatulo epic makamaka akulankhula wobwerera ku Ithaca pambuyo Trojan nkhondo, Odysseus udzatha.

Pomaliza, ntchito za Homer - ndi nzeru zakuya za Greece anthu akale. mfundo zimene ena chidwi ndi munthu ngati Homer? Short yonena ana ndi akulu Nthawi zambiri zomwe zinali wongonena m'kamwa, kuti si wokwatibwa ndi kalata. Komabe, ngakhale, ndakatulo zake ndi luso mkulu ndi njira ndakatulo, iwo kupeza mgwirizano. "The Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" Mbali khalidwe, mmodzi amene ndi kalembedwe yadzaoneni. Achikulire kamvekedwe ka nkhani, unhurried amve, Kudziwa wathunthu image, wosakwiya chiwembu chitukuko - izi ndi zinthu khalidwe la ntchito zomwe analenga Homer. Short yonena za ndakatulo iyi, chiyembekezo zinandichititsa chidwi chanu pa ntchito yake.