Ndi zomwe a sayansi Russian m'chiyambi cha m'ma 20 chiyani? The asayansi atulukira pa zaka za m'ma 20

Kusiya mapanga Stone Age, anthu wadutsa njira ya chitukuko cha maganizo ndi chauzimu. Izi zinathandiza kuti anthu kukhala pansi pa pakompyuta ndi kulankhula ndi mzake pa mtunda uliwonse, kudutsa za chilengedwe ndi kutumiza spacecraft kwa maplaneti ena. Ichi chinapangidwira zikomo zotheka kwa sayansi, amene analengedwa ndi yopangidwa ndi mibadwo yambiri.

chitukuko mbiri

Science mu Russia pamaso Peter Wamkulu kwambiri lagged kuseri kwa Ulaya. Ichi ndi chifukwa makhalidwe moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha State komaso zazing'ono Byzantium.

Woyamba ntchito masamu mu Russia wakale unakhazikitsidwa mu 1136 mmonke Kirik. Chinachake kenako Mabaibulo a mabuku pa logic ndi masamu cosmography anaonekera.

Science ngati chikhazikitso chikhalidwe adanyamuka dziko lathu pansi Peter I. Izo zinali mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, mu America ndi ku Siberia anatumiza ulendo woyamba Vasily Tatishchev ndi Vitus Bering.

1724 zinali zodzaza ndi kutsegula kwa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Ntchito bungwe ili anaitanidwa odziwika bwino asayansi ambiri European. Kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi Russian anali ntchito ndi ntchito za Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 imatengedwa tsiku la maziko a University Moscow. Mbiri ya sayansi Russian atambira wozungulira atsopano chitukuko. Chinachake yunivesite ina anali anakhazikitsidwa mu Dorpat (1802), mu Vilna (1803), mu Kharkov ndi Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819). Kale m'zaka 19 mochedwa. zikuchokera awo Polemeretsedwa Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa ndi Tomsk mabungwe a mtundu umenewu.

osankhika Scientific mu Russia anali:

- Masamu (Ni Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky neri Al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- mankhwala (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin neri Al.);
- madokotala (S. P. Botkin, Ni Pirogov);
- olemba mbiri (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri

Nthawiyi anali yodziwika ndi kusintha kwa agrarian Russia mu mkhalidwe wamphamvu mafakitale. Anthu kusintha, yomwe imachitika boma, anakopeka likulu dziko. Mu Russia, tinayamba mwamphamvu kukhala muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale komanso makampani sitima.

Kale kuwuka kwa chikhalidwe anayamba ndi zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, zomangamanga, mabuku, etc. The sayansi m'zaka za m'ma 20 nayenso anafika pachimake kwambiri. Nthawi imeneyi, panali kusintha weniweni wa sayansi zachirengedwe, zomwe zinali kufunika kwakukulu mu chitukuko cha anthu. Major asayansi atulukira pa zaka za m'ma 20, anapanga mu nthawi iyi, zachititsa kuti younikanso maganizo wogwila za dziko anthu.

Chilengedwe cha magulu sayansi ndi luso

The asayansi atulukira za m'ma 20 mu chisanadze chosintha Russia zinalengedwa chifukwa cha ntchito ya mabwalo zosiyanasiyana. Yotsirizira ndi gulu laling'ono, limene m'gulu ofufuza osati, madokotala, komanso Amateurs aluntha. Pali zibonga pa zopereka anthu ake ndi zopereka payekha. M'madera ena, boma allocated ang'onoang'ono waukulu.

Kuwonjezera mankhwala ndi ulimi, zitsulo ndi botanical, dera limene akukhala, thupi ndi mankhwala analipo chinsinsi mabwalo sayansi. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi akhoza kukhala Society of Astronautics. mamembala ake anali tsogolo asayansi aakulu kwa zaka za m'ma 20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, ndi ena.

zibonga onsewa anali malo kafukufuku ndiponso kulimbikitsa sayansi mwa anthu. Komabe, chopereka chachikulu mapangidwe dziko akadali a nkhope ndi mayunivesite, umene mkati ndi kunja kwa dziko pamwamba.

Chitukuko cha mankhwala, chibadwa ndi zamoyo

ndi zomwe a sayansi Russian m'chiyambi cha m'ma 20 m'dera chiyani? Zikuphatikizapo ntchito tingachipeze powerenga za Academician I. P. Pavlova. Asayansi Russian aphunzira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a dongosolo m'mimba ndi dongosolo mtima. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake mu 1904, Pavlov anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. The mphoto chomwecho mu 1908, anali kupereka I. I. Mechnikovu. wasayansi iye walandira chifukwa cha ntchito yake pa matenda opatsirana ndi immunology. Mechnikov nayenso anaphunzira zotsatira za ntchito apamwamba mantha mu njira zako thupi. Kutengera pa chidziwitso cha asayansi ali anapezerapo chiphunzitso cha bongo wabwino.

Kutsegula kwa zaka za m'ma 20 m'munda wa zamoyo anakhala kutsogolera mphamvu pa chitukuko cha mankhwala. Chiyambi cha m'ma zinali zodzaza ndi chitukuko cha katemera ndi matenda a chiwewe, nkhuku kolera ndi tizilombo ta matenda. Zonsezi chotsatira kafukufuku mabakiteriya Louis Pasteur Institute ku Paris. Kutengera pa ntchito za asayansi awa ochokera m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Russia, anatsogolera chitukuko cha miyeso umalimbana kupewa ndi kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana.

A chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha chibadwa wapanga wasayansi IV Michurin. The anayambitsa sayansi ya zomera kuswana zipatso ntchito kuchigawo Tambov, m'tawuni kwawo kwa Kozlov. Cholinga cha ntchito yonseyi anali kuti akatidzadza Russian latsopano zikhalidwe minda. Ngakhale zopinga izo, wasayansi ikuchitika ntchito yakeyo.

Iye anapeza njira yothandiza ndipo anapanga mfundo ongolankhula kubala zosiyanasiyana hybrids kuti ndi katundu zachilendo ndipo ndi opindulitsa pa anthu.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ya zida za nkhondo

Kukula kwa malowa chinathandiza ndewu ya mayiko kutsogolera dziko ndi kuwonjezeka mwayi luso. Kale mu zaka 1911-1915 Russian akatswiri AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev ndi AA Vasiliev analenga bukuli cha galimoto oti muli nazo zida, amene anadzatchedwa thanki.

Zoyambitsidwa ndi atulukira m'ma 20 ndi a ku munda wa ndege. Choncho, ndege yoyamba asilikali nawo ayendetsa anatenga mu 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg ndi Kiev chigawo. Nkhondo, njira imeneyi ankagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo Balkan ya 1912-1913. Mu 1914, yoponya mabomba woyamba Analeredwa ndi asilikali Russian, dzina lake "Ilya Muromets".

Sanasiye ku ndege ndi asilikali. Apa Championship anali oti muli nazo zida nthunzi zombo. Munthu woyamba mwa iwo anali "Petr Veliky".

The makina Kutulukira

Sayansi ya za m'ma 20 mu Russia kawirikawiri anadziwotcha ntchito kulimbikitsa maluso asilikali dziko. Mu munda ife apita patsogolo kwambiri. Choncho, mu 1916, zida mlengi Fedorov kupangidwa makina oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pakuti ichi kunali koyenera kufupikitsa mbiya mfuti chitsanzo 1913 ndi kukhazikitsa bokosi magazini, komanso chogwirira cha kuwombera mosavuta. Zotsatira zake zinali moto chida kuti lero chifukwa cha zida oyenda wa asilikali aliyense mu dziko.

Kukula kwa umagwirira ndi sayansi

Zambiri zimene asayansi atulukira za m'ma 20 m'dera limeneli anapangidwa Ulaya. Chifukwa cha iwo, ndi anthu ndi injini nthunzi anayamba kutenga injini kuyaka mkati. Komabe, njira zatsopano zakuthupi waukulu yaiwisi kupanga njira yotero (mafuta) akhala akufuna asayansi ndicho Russian.

Kubwera kwa injini wamphamvu kwambiri aganiza ofufuza za mfundo za chilengedwe ndege. Zoyesayesa woyamba kuswa m'munda wa aeronautics anapangidwa zana la 19. Izo zinali ndiye anawona airships kuwala ndi balloons.

ndi zomwe a sayansi Russian m'chiyambi cha m'ma 20 m'dera chiyani? Mu dziko lathu takhala analenga thuu ndi zinayi injini ndege anakantha m'nthawi kukula awo ochititsa kaso. Pa chilengedwe awo ntchito akatswiri monga I. Sikorsky ndi V. G. Lutskoy.

Kutsegula kwa zaka za m'ma 20 m'munda wa ndege sikuthera pamenepo. The kwambiri Russian wasayansi B. N. Yurev mu 1911 anatulukira unit zofunika ntchito mu msonkhano wa Helicopters ano. chipangizo Izi zinathandiza njira ya kulenga mkulu ntchito bata. Helicopters awa akhoza opareshoni bwinobwino ndi oyendetsa wamba. Kukula kwa sayansi m'zaka za m'ma 20 m'munda wa ndege chinaikidwa ndendende Yuriev.

Mu nthawi yomweyo, anabadwa chiyambi cha astronautics ano. atulukira yaikulu ya atumwi 20 m'dera limeneli zinalengedwa ndi aphunzitsi Kaluga zolimbitsa thupi nugget ke Tsiolkovsky. Mu 1903 anafalitsa ntchito wanzeru, amene zikutsimikizira kuthekera danga ndege.

ndi zomwe a sayansi Russian m'chiyambi cha m'ma 20 m'munda wa sayansi chiyani? Izi anapeza ambiri malamulo chibadidwe njira yoweyula (atomu, lamayimbidwe, etc.). Iwo anakhazikitsa lopambana sayansi P. N. Lebedevym.

Zimene wamkulukulu mu sayansi m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinalengedwa V. I. Vernadskim. wasayansi imeneyi itadziwika lonse chitulutsireni ntchito zake Buku, ndiwo maziko a chitukuko cha zochita zatsopano mu Radiology, geochemistry ndi sayansi. ntchito Vernadsky a noosphere ndi biosphere ndi chiyambi cha zachilengedwe masiku ano.

Kutulukira chikwama parachuti

Mu 1910, Ge Kotelnikov anapita Onse-Russia chikondwerero wodzipereka kwa aeronautics. Yakhala imodzi mwa mboni za imfa ya woyendetsa L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov sanali mlengi, ndipo wosewera. Komabe, imfa ya woyendetsa kotero anadabwa naye kuti chaka kenako anatulukira parachuti RK-1, ndi mwapadera ku njira m'mbuyomu.

Dome monga njira ya chipulumutso ndi balloonists kale ntchito. Komabe RC-1 anali yaying'ono. Komanso, parachuti wakhala m'gulu pangozi ayankhe wagawo, zonse zili pansi pa dzanja lake. Gulaye mzikiti ndi RK-1 anaikidwa mu mtengo chikwama choyamba, yomwe kenako m'malo mwa zotayidwa. Pansi pa kasupe bokosi anakonza Kotelnikov. Pa lamanja mphindi parachutist kukoka mphete. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kasupe akutsegula bokosi chivundikiro ndi kunja mzikiti lapansi. Panopa Kutulukira awa parachutists padziko lonse.

Maonekedwe a TV

Russian sayansi m'zaka za m'ma 20 dziko wapereka anangopeka amene anakhala nthawi yoyambirira. Mu 1907, Pulofesa Institute of Technology ili St. Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom mlanduwu setifiketi ntchito kwa "njira kufala magetsi mafano osiyana ndi phwando awo kudzera mwa cathode ray chubu."

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1910 wasayansi anapanga lipoti onse pa msonkhano wa Russian zaumisiri Society, lomwe ananena za nkhaniyi nditaima mu njira ya kanema. Rosing dziwani kuti ntchito zipangizo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito elekitironi mtengo. Chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi mfundo imeneyi ndipo kunatha mu nthawi imene zamagetsi monga makampani anali akadali mu Chiyambi chake. Pa TV analenga dongosolo Rosing nditalandira Russian setifiketi, ndipo pambuyo - German, English ndi American.

Kufufuza mu madera

ndi zomwe a sayansi Russian m'chiyambi cha m'ma 20 mu kuphunzira kuti dziko chiyani? Nthawi imeneyi anapita ku Oceania ndipo Africa North, East ndi ku Central Asia. Aliyense wa iwo yodziwika ndi lotseguka lonse. M'pofunikanso kunena kuti sayansi Hrs m'zaka za m'ma 20, izo zinali zochokera zofunika akamagwira Ofufuza Russian.

Mapangidwe wa USSR

Science mu Russia mu ulamuliro wa Soviet anapereka dziko zinthu zambiri zopambana ndi kukhala ndi moyo muzochitika zosiyana za ntchito anthu. Ngakhale ndandanda wawo cursory limasonyeza yojambula kuti kwapangidwa ndi asayansi.

Zomwe a sayansi Soviet achita mbali yaikulu mu citukuko chuma. Pankhaniyi, zochokera iwo analengedwa atsopano pa nthawi mafakitale onse thalakitala ndi ndege, magalimoto ndi zitsulo. Zotsatira za kafukufuku kunapangitsa kukhala yopanga mphira kupanga, galimoto mafuta, etc.

Zikayenda analandira sayansi, akhoza kukumana ndi mavuto a chakudya ndi makampani kuwala, ndipo ulimi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maphunziro ambiri zinachititsa kuti patsogolo zaumoyo ndi gawo zachipatala.

Mu Soviet Union mapulogalamu kafukufuku chachikulu akhala kufalitsidwa. Atsegula mabungwe latsopano kafukufuku. Choncho, mu 1934, Vavilov anayambitsa Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, mu nthawi yomweyo unayambitsidwa Institute of Organic Chemistry. 1937 - chaka cha maziko a Institute of Geophysics. ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi physiologist Pavlov ndi breeder Michurin. Chifukwa cha maphunziro wochitidwa ndi asayansi apeza zinthu zambiri amalanga zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, m'zaka za kupondereza angathe aluntha a boma kuwononga katundu chidachitika.

nthawi unawonongedwa

Chitsitsimutso cha sayansi Soviet anali mu 1950, Academy of Sciences ntchito kafukufuku lotsogoleredwa mu zaka izi. Academy of Sciences abwezeretsedwa, ndi mayiko onse a dziko. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti atenge eni luso ndi kudziletsa pa ndalama za ndalama allocated ndi boma kuti dera lino.

Kale m'ma makumi asanu chidwi kukula mu kufufuza malo. M'dera limeneli, anthu ambiri asayansi. Pali mabuku wapadera ndi zochitachita ku yunivesite. Zonse zimenezi dala kuti maphunziro asayansi wamng'ono.

1957 anabweretsa kutengeka kwenikweni mu dziko la sayansi. Icho chinali chaka cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa woyamba yokumba Earth Kanema. Dziko ndi posachedwapa anavulala pa nkhondo zoopsa, osati anapezanso umatha sayansi, komanso wakhala mtsogoleri sayansi. chochitika anatsegula nyengo yatsopano anthu ndi pa nthawi yomweyo anali chiyambi cha "danga mtundu" ndi United States, amene sanafune kutaya yonena ake padziko lonse.

Mu 1959, Soviet Kanema anagunda mwezi. Yatsopanoyo akweza kutchuka Russia m'dera dziko. Kale mu zaka zao za sikisite oyambirira, Soviet Union anakhala yachiwiri itatha mayiko amphamvu US mu dziko. America anamupeza dziko lathu okha angathe zachuma.

April 12, 1961, panali mwambo wina zosaneneka, omwe anali kale anafotokoza ntchito yake zopeka. Pa tsiku limeneli, mwamuna woyamba mu mbiri unayambitsidwa mu mlengalenga ndipo anabwerera ku dziko lapansi.

Mu zaka 80 m'dziko lathu tinayamba chitukuko ndi kupanga kompyuta ano pakompyuta - kompyuta. Njira imeneyi inali yaying'ono ndipo sindikufuna kutenga nyumba yonseyo ndi zipinda. Izi zinali zaka pamene Soviet Union ntchito pa kuchuluka sayansi chuma chachikulu, ndi chakhumi cha ndalama boma. Izi sakanakwanitsa, palibe ku dziko.

Pakati pa ambirimbiri a sayansi ikuchitika Russia, pali anthu ambiri amene ali ndi kupitiriza nawobe kukhudzanso patsogolo sayansi ndi luso la anthu padziko lonse. Tikuyankhula zokhudza zinthu zambiri m'munda wa sayansi ndi mankhwala, zamoyo thupi ndi zomangamanga. Zikuphatikizapo anapeza chodabwitsa paramagnetic kumveka E. K. Zavoyskim. Udindo ankaimba ndi asayansi Russian ndi mfundo ili yonse ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya.