Heraclitus: nzeru, maganizo zoyambirira, mawu

Kodi mukudziwa kuti ndi kunena kuti: "Chilichonse utuluke, chirichonse kusintha", muli mawu ochokera wakale Greece dzina Heraclitus? dzina lake amadziwika pa dziko lonse lapansi, ndi zounikira monga Nietzsche, Kant, Schopenhauer, monyadira amadzitcha otsatira nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri.

Ancient Greece anapereka dziko kwambiri anthu abwino. Kuyambira kale kunayamba nzeru. Mmodzi mwa anthu amene anayambitsa sayansi anali Heraclitus. Mwachidule wafilosofi mungaphunzire pa nkhaniyi kuti osati kuthandiza kum'kulitsa M'maso wanu, komanso limatiuza za chiyambi cha sayansi komanso ziphunzitso.

izi Heraclitus ndi ndani? Kodi ndi yodziwika

Ancient Greece, kapena mmene ndakatulo anawatcha kalelo, Hellas, anakhala chopunthira cha sayansi ambiri.

Mmodzi wa , anthu wotchuka a masiku amakedzana anali Heraclitus. Philosophy sayansi anakongola mapangidwe ambiri mwa mfundo ndi mauthenga ofunika. Kwa zaka zambiri, Heraclitus ankaona wolemba wa nsomba akuti "zonse uyenda, kusintha chilichonse." Lingaliro la wanzeru wakale Greek akadali mutu wa oimira ambiri a sayansi.

Heraclitus ankadziwika ndi oyamba mu nzeru ndi maganizo "Logos" ndi chitukuko koyamba dialectic lapansi. Dialectics wa Heraclitus anakhala maziko a ziphunzitso akatswiri ambiri pambuyo pake, monga Plato, ntchito yake yaikulu "The State" mu umodzi mwa mitu ndi makonzedwe kukambirana ndi Heraclitus.

Ndi mfundozo tchire angagwirizane nazo kapena ayi, koma iwo musatisiye osayanjanitsika ngati anthu a sayansi, ndi owerenga wamba.

Mwachidule za moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba za

ziganizo zokhudza moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba ndi ochepa kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti anakhala mzinda wa Efeso mu zaka 544-483 BC. Iye wotsikayo kuchokera banja wakale. Kutenga lolemera wolemekezeka mizu, Heraclitus mu akula amasiya udindo n'kotheka ndipo amakonda moyo pagulu mu mapiri.

Mafunso amene anaphunzira - maphunziro azachilengedwe, mwambo ndi sayansi ndale. Mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri anzeru nthawi yake, iye sanagwirizane aliyense wa sukulu alipo ndi malangizo. M'chiphunzitso chake iye anali "palokha." Mileto School, zomwe nzeru zapamwamba kudzudzulidwa, ngakhale, ndipo analibe chikoka pa maganizo ake, koma wasiya chizindikiro chake pa view dziko. Zambiri za izi - zigawo izi kwa nkhani ino. Anali iye ndi ophunzira enieni, koma anzeru wanzeru yakale masiku ano kuti yokhotakhota malingaliro a nkhani yolembedwa wake ndi malingaliro.

Heraclitus maluwa a ntchito zinachitika mu nthawi ya 69th Olympiad. Koma kuphunzitsa kwake kunali mwadzidzidzi ndipo sanayankhe. Mwina n'chifukwa chake, monga ena a mbiri yakale, Heraclitus wa Efeso amapita ku mapiri yekha ndi kuti akhale maganizo ake ndi akutulukira namatetule mfundo nzeru. zambiri anthu mwachidule za tchire kuti anapulumuka masiku ano ananena naye monga munthu anatseka ndi malingaliro lakuthwa ndi mtima wotsutsana ndi zonse mwaziwona, ndi kuzimva. Heraclitus ndemanga anali ngati mivi kuti azikafika pa chandamale. Ndipo cholinga zotsutsa angakhale wake anzake a m'mudzimo ndi makonsolo ndi anthu ataimirira pa helm lapansi. Wafilosofi sanachite mantha anadzudzula kapena chilango, iye anali molunjika monga lupanga, ndipo sanapange kuchotserapo. Mwina zaka kale okhwima maganizo ake anafika pachimake, ndipo izo sizinali mphamvu kukhala pamalo anali kutali kwambiri ndi maganizo ake ndi Kuzindikira, ndipo sanamvetse izo. Anzeruwo kuitana "mdima", ndipo pali awiri Mabaibulo a chake. The choyamba - dzina lakuti anachokera chakuti maganizo tchire anali zovuta kuzimvetsa m'nthawi yake, iye anawaitana zosokoneza ndipo "mdima", motero. The Ofufuza zachokera nzeru ndi mawu nzeru za anthu. Kudziwa zimene zilipo kumvetsa ena, Heraclitus Anatseka ndipo kusungidwa nthabwala wozingwa kapena achipongwe.

Pa imfa ya tchire, pali nthano zambiri, palibe mmodzi wa iwo si monga anatsimikizira kapena akutsutsa. Malinga ndi limodzi la maganizo alipo, nzeru zapamwamba wong'ambika agalu yosokera, malinga ndi zina, munthu wanzeru anafa wambulu, lachitatu - anadza ku mudzi ndipo analamula kuti kupaka okha ndi manyowa ndi akufa. Iye anali achilendo kwambiri kwa nthawi yake. Monga anthu samamvetsa iye pa moyo wake, iye anakhalabe chinsinsi kwa iwo akadzamwalira mwachinsinsi. Only patapita zaka zambirimbiri mawu a admirers ake Heraclitus.

Kuthi Heraclitus

Akukhulupirira kuti ntchito za tchire chinali chachikulu kwambiri, koma mpaka tsopano kukwaniritsa mmodzi yekha - ndi buku "Pa Nature", wopangidwa mwa magawo "wa Mulungu", "Pa Nature" ndi "Pa boma." Buku si kwathunthu apulumutsidwa, ndipo mbali payekha ndi makombo Komabe, iye anatha kupereka ziphunzitso za Heraclitus.

Apa iye zapansi lingaliro lake la "Logos" imene tikambirana pansipa.

Chifukwa kugawikana m'buku lakuti, maganizo ndi mfundo akhalabe kunja purview wa nzeru ano. Komabe, mbewu zomwe tili ndi mwayi kufufuza ndi kumvetsa, anthu kwambiri ndi nzeru, analemba mfundo zomwe sizitha aliyense wa mtengo wake kapena kugwirizana.

Maziko a nzeru Heraclitus '

anamatetule wakale mwandipatsa dziko chikondi ndi nzeru, ndi kuima pa chiyambi cha sayansi ambiri. Kotero anali Heraclitus. Philosophy sayansi anakongola kwa chitukuko ndi kubadwa.

The mfundozo chachikulu cha nzeru zapamwamba kuti:

1. Moto monga gwero la zonse. Sizikudziwika ngati ndi moto m'lingaliro lenileni kapena wophiphiritsa (moto monga mphamvu), koma anali kuganiza Heraclitus lofunika mfundo za chilengedwe cha dziko.

2. danga dziko ndi nthawi combusted ku moto wamphamvu kuchira kachiwiri.

3. Mfundo otaya ndi kufalitsidwa. Mfundo yaikulu ya mawu akuti: "Zonse uyenda, kusintha chilichonse." nkhani yolembedwa uyu wa Heraclitus kwakukuru ophweka, koma palibe amene pamaso pake anali akamanena za masiyanidwe linali lotsegula, otaya moyo ndi nthawi.

4. Lamulo la zotsutsana. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kusiyana pakati pa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri atsogolera nyanja, amene amapereka moyo kwa zamoyo za m'madzi, koma nthawi amanyamula imfa ya anthu. Munjira ina ndi Einstein chiphunzitso cha relativity alitcha kubadwa kwake kwa izi luso lingaliro kholo watsikira kwa ife chifukwa cha nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri.

Mwatsoka, chifukwa chakuti yekha chiphunzitso cha Heraclitus yatsikira kwa ife zidutswa yekha, n'kovuta kwambiri kuti amasulire chiphunzitso, iwo akuoneka kuti chosakwanira ndithu, otalikirana. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anyozedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Hegel anasonyeza kuti sizinatheke. Ife kwathunthu ndi zosatheka kuti asa- nazindikira iwo. Mpaka kuganizira ndipo lembani ndalama zikusowa mwachilengedwe kwathunthu kungodalira pa hunch ndi miambo ndi maganizo, wamkulu Greece wakale popeza nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale adakana chikoka sukulu ndi anzeru, analipo kale iye, koma n'kosatheka kuti muzindikire kufanana kwina, mwachitsanzo ndi Pythagoras chomwecho.

Sukulu Mileto ulili maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba za

sukulu ili, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Thales Greek madera a ku Asia, mumzinda wa Mileto. peculiarity ake ndi kuti wakhala woyamba nthanthi sukulu ya dziko wakale. Kukhazikika mu zoyambirira za VI atumwi. Nkhani yaikulu ya kuphunzira ndi sukulu nzeru achilengedwe (kuphunzira mavuto achilengedwe thupi ndi mankhwala). Malinga ambiri sayansi ya sayansi, ndi sukulu izi zinayamba njira yake, osati Greece komanso mu dziko ya zakuthambo ndi masamu, zamoyo, malo, sayansi ndi zimapangidwira. Imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za sukulu anali ndi "kanthu amachokera kanthu." Ndiko, lililonse anthu anayambika kapena zochitika ndi choyambitsa. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa anapatsidwa mfundo Mulungu, koma tanthauzo ndi sanaleke anthu ophunzira amene Pofunafuna, ndipo anathandiza kupitirira.

Monga tidanena pamwamba, Heraclitus sanali woimira aliyense wa sukulu alipo. Koma kusukulu Mileto, amene ali ndi maganizo Iye anadzudzulanso ndipo sanadye wafilosofi kuchita polemics, kumene munthu amasonyeza m'mabuku ake.

Mbali ina ya sukulu - kuti iye anazindikira dziko yonsene lonse. Panalibe kusiyana pakati pa amoyo ndi akufa, sayansi chidwi chirichonse. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, iye anabadwa ndipo chifukwa cha sukulu Milesian kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula mawu akuti "nzeru". Chikondi cha sayansi, chidziwitso wakhala nzothandiza yaikulu chitukuko anthu a m'dziko. Sukulu Heraclitus, monga nthawi zina molakwa wotchedwa anakamba limodzi ndi izo kwambiri. Ngakhale tchire kwambiri ndi kumakana nkhani imeneyi, n'zoonekeratu kwambiri.

Lingaliro la dialectics

Mawu akuti "dialectic" chatifika, monga ena ambiri, kuyambira masiku amakedzana. Iye amatanthauza "kuchita kukambirana, kutsutsana."

Pali matanthauzo ambiri akuti, koma tiona zokhazo zomwe ukugwira ntchito mu mzere ndi Heraclitus.

Kuti lalikulu nzeru zapamwamba mfundo dialectic adagona mu chiphunzitso cha wosatha kukhala ndi pamodzi ndi uyu masiyanidwe. Heraclitus lingaliro la wosatha mwa ife zikuwoneka zophweka kwambiri, koma mu nthawi ya penipeni wakhala pantchito yojambula nzeru makamaka ndi sayansi ambiri.

Apa, kumene ndinkaona maganizo a sukulu ya Mileto ndi nthumwi zake. Akutukuka ufulu wa Heraclitus, mu ndege chosiyana, iwo anawoloka mu mfundo zake, ngakhale kuti ufulu ndi chifukwa kuzipenya zaumwini ndi tanthauzo lake.

Kuwonjezera ganizo la dialectics, sayansi yamakono amapangitsa kuti nzeru zapamwamba wakale mfundo ina wosafa ndi mfundo amene anachokera izo. Iwo Heraclitus chizindikiro - maganizo za moto monga mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa zonse.

Concept chizindikiro tchire la masiku amakedzana ankaimira motere: pali dziko ndipo pali moto (mwini chizindikiro). dziko linayamba ndi iye pamoto ndipo akuyembekezera mapeto. The Cosmos akupitiriza moto umene zolengedwa zatsopano amabadwa. Palibe kumeneko kakufanana chiweruzo? Mwina nsanga kuposa ena funso limeneli ankayankha anthu ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo. Taganizirani za kubadwa (ndi imfa, mfundo kwambiri) nyenyezi mu mlengalenga. Pambuyo kuphulika, ndipo kumasula izo anasonkhanitsa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapatsa mphamvu yake imafika latsopano achinyamata nyenyezi. Mwina ife, pozindikira pa njira sukulu ya zakuthambo kapena sayansi, nkhani imeneyi sizikuwoneka chinachake chauzimu. Koma mmbuyo mu masiku a masiku amakedzana. BC bwino sanaphunzitsidwe kusukulu, zakuthambo, kuphunzira za ndondomeko ya kubadwa kwa nyenyezi, nzeru zapamwamba Greek akhoza kupanga lingaliro ndi. Koma ngati kudziwa ngati simungathe kuzifotokoza mwa sayansi, ndi thandizo limene iye akanakhoza kutenga iwo Heraclitus? Philosophy sanayambe anakana mwachilengedwe ndakatulo chimodzi tanthauzo - mphatso kapena chilango oimira osankhidwa a mtundu wa anthu.

Wanzeru kwambiri anatha kumvetsa ndi kuvomereza kuti adzatsegulidwa okha patapita zaka zikwi pambuyo pa imfa yake. Si anati kwa nzeru zake zapamwamba ndi kupereka?

Otsatira a nzeru zapamwamba za

Malinga ndi ena, nzeru zapamwamba akali wophunzira - nthawi. Mwina, ndi dzanja lake kuwala ndi chilakolako kubwezeretsa ntchito za wakeyo, ife tiri zina zododometsa woona wa Heraclitus. Cratylus anali wakhama wophunzira, anasankha mfundo mphunzitsi. Kenako iye adzakhala kwa ena mmene Plato awathandize bwinobwino, amene adzatsogolera Iye makonzedwe zopeka monologues wake yaikulu "State". Wafilosofi Heraclitus kunali kwakukulu, kuti otsatira ake kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Plato kupita njira ya dialectic lapansi. Pa maziko ake adzamangira pafupifupi ntchito zake zonse. Ntchito dialectic kuwapanga iwo ndithu lomwenso ndi zomveka.

Popeza Cratylus anali kudzoza kwa Plato, mlembi wamkulu wa "The Nthano ya Cave" akhoza ziri zimachitika kwa otsatira a Heraclitus.

Kenako, Socrates ndi Aristotle, zochokera dialectics wa Heraclitus, analenga wawo watsopano, wamphamvu mfundo zokwanira. Koma ngakhale paokha, kukana mphamvu ya tchire wakale pa iwo kwathunthu wodzikweza.

A m'nthawi yathu pafupifupi otsatira anali Heraclitus, Hegel ndi Heidegger. A mphamvu ya Greek tchire kulingalira anakumana ndi Nietzsche. Machaputala ambiri a buku la "Zarathustra" yodziwika ndi chikoka izi. German nzeru zapamwamba, dzina dziko wotchuka ndi mfundo Chitsulo ankaganiza kwambiri za mfundo ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi ndi madziwo. axiom kuti zonse kusintha izo lache ndi zikuluzikulu ambiri.

Kukana ndi kutsutsa maganizo Heraclitus '

Mu zaka 470 BC. e. Iye anakhala pa bwalo la Hiero comedian Epicharmus cha Ko. Mu zambiri za ntchito zake, iye kunyoza chiphunzitso cha Heraclitus. "Ngati munthu wina anabwereka, izo sangapereke, chifukwa iye wasintha, ndi munthu chosiyana, choncho kodi abweze ngongole chifukwa munthu" - zina zitsanzo. Panali angapo, ndipo tsopano n'zovuta kudzaweruza zimene uli pangozi: ndi zosangalatsa wamba pa bwalo, analemba mabuku okhudza kunyazitsa Heraclitus, kapena omvetsetsa ndi Kutsutsa mfundo yake yachifumu comedian? Ndipo chifukwa zikhudze zithunzi azithunzithunzi inasanduka Heraclitus? Zikuwoneka Epicharmus cha Ko mabuku ake anali ndithu achipongwe n'zolakwika. Koma ngakhale kwa nsalu yotchinga umu si zobisika poyamikira nzeru nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri wakale.

Anthu Hegel ndi Heidegger, kugwiritsa ntchito ambiri Mfundo chiweruzo Heraclitus, adamnenera Iye maganizo opanda ungwiro, paradoxical ndi maganizo wachisokonezo. Komabe, zikuoneka, ku chidziwitso cha nzeru ndi Sanali kupeza mfundo yakuti ntchito zasungidwa si zonse, ndi kuti, kukonzedwa ndi anasintha olandira a ntchito ndi ophunzira amene sangakwanitse kumvetsa mbuye wake kwathunthu, amene akhaapatisa lembani mipata ndi awo malingaliro, ndi zina chabe.

Lingaliro la Heraclitus ndi malo awo nzeru za chi

Ngakhale Heraclitus anakana chikoka cha anthu ena ndi masukulu, koma, ndithudi, maganizo ake chiyani osadzuka balamanthu.

Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti nzeru zapamwamba ankadziwa bwino ntchito za Pythagoras ndi Diogenes. Nkhani zambiri zimene iye analemba ofanana ndi mfundo anayambitsa ndi sayansi anamatetule yakale.

mawu Heraclitus 'abwerezedwa ndipo ukutchulidwa ngakhale lero.

Pano pali nkhani yolembedwa odziwika bwino kwambiri a tchire, kumene pambuyo kudutsa zaka, simunataye phindu.

• Diso - mboni ndi zolondola koposa makutu. nzeru Mwachidule, ndilo kuzindikira chenicheni cha munthuyo. Kusadziwa thunthu anthu (monga ife kukumbukira pa chigawo cha nkhani pamwamba, nzeru zachibadwa za sukulu ikusonyezedwa chiyambi chabe cha kukula kwa nthambi ili la sayansi) popanda kudziwa sayansi mwa ziwalo, nzeru zapamwamba finely ndi ndendende ananena zofunika mu kuzindikira zambiri. Kumbukirani mwambi kuti ndi bwino kuona kuposa kumva. Afanana mungapeze pafupifupi mu mtundu, koma pa moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba iye anali woyenera anapeza.
• Pamene onse nenani cholakalaka kubwera munthu woona, zimapangitsa izo poipa. Ndithu. Ngati munthu ali paliponse kufunafuna, iye woterewu ndi kunyoza. Ngati winawake ali onse akufuna, koma n'kutaya luso amamvera chisoni anthu amene ali ovutika; tidzawukitsidwe kwa mtengo zilipo, kwa inuyo sinkhani. Kupyolera zaka zambiri, nkhani yolembedwa m'njira zawo kumasulira British Irish wolemba Oskar Uayld: "Pofuna kutilanga, milungu akwaniritse mapemphero athu," - iye adzati, "The chithunzi cha Dorian Gray" mu buku kwambiri. Ndipo Wilde sanayambe anakana kuti iye adayandikira nzeru zake za dziko ku gwero la masiku amakedzana.
• kudziwa zambiri sanaphunzitsidwe kwa lingaliro. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti mawuwa zinanenedwa mu chitonzo, ndi negation wa sukulu kwambiri la Mileto. Komabe, umboni zopelekedwa mfundo imeneyi si Komabe, ngati nkhani zina zambiri. Dialectics wa Heraclitus mu nkhani yolembedwa uyu wakhala maluwa ndi mitundu yowala ndiponso anasonyeza ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana za maganizo a tchire kwambiri.
• Akamanena za nzeru ndi kunena osati choonadi, komanso powasamalira malamulo a chilengedwe, kuti aziwatsatira. Apa sikuti tidzapita kulowa kukambirana akamanena za maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba wakale. Aliyense akhoza kuzindikira izo mu njira zawo, koma chofunika kokha apindula ndi tanthauzo.
• Wina kwa ine - zikwi khumi, ngati - yabwino. Mu nkhani yolembedwa ichi - mudziwe chifukwa chake, mu moyo nzeru zapamwamba Greek sanafune kuphunzitsa ophunzira. Mwina pa nthawi ina iye sanakhoze kuwapeza iwo woyenera.
• Rock - ndi ndondomeko yake ndiponso kuti zifukwa zimene chifukwa zinagwira wina. Ndipo kotero kuti osawerengeka.
• Kudziwa ndi kumvetsa tchire wanzeru - chabe maganizo.
• Ngati ogontha, omwe anamvera, asakudziwa. Za iwo tinganene kuti, kupezeka, iwo kulibeko. Awa a Heraclitus ananena kuwawa kwa kusamvetsetsa, amene anakumana. Iye anali patsogolo pa nthawi yake ndi mwayi womvetsa.
• Ndi mkwiyo zovuta kulimbana. Mukhoza kulipira zonse za moyo, kuti Pakufunika. Koma ngakhale kovuta kugonjetsa chilakolako timasangalala yokha. Ndi wamphamvu kuposa mkwiyo.

pomaliza

Pali anthu amene sali oyenera chimango cha nthawi yake kuti kuphunzira m'nthawi si zokhazikitsidwiratu. munthu uyu anali wakale Greek tchire Heraclitus. Philosophy, monga izo ziriri lero, sangakhale amenewa popanda abstracts awo ndi mapepala, mfundo ndi mfundo.

Katswiri wa nzeru kwambiri, moyo wake mu mapiri, yekha ndi chikhalidwe ndi maganizo anu. Anthu icho "mdima", izo sizinali kuti azindikire nzeru za munthu ameneyu.

aphorisms wake ananena m'zinenero zambirimbiri, ndipo anauziridwa ndi ntchito ya ophunzira kwambiri. anthu ambiri anzeru nthawi yathu, kutenga monga maziko a ntchito za kudzipatula kwambiri Greek. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti ntchito zake yatsikira kwa ife kokha mu mawonekedwe a mavesi mwachidule yosatha, si mwanjira iliyonse musawachitire phindu.

M'pofunikanso kuti ayanjane ndi ziphunzitso ndiponso mfundo za tchire lalikulu, osati pa chitukuko chonse, komanso kuti timudziwe bwino yamakedzana.