Halogenated chimasanduka: kupeza, mankhwala katundu, ntchito

Chimasanduka - gulu lalikulu kwambiri mankhwala okhudzana ndi organic. Zikuphatikizapo magulu zikuluzikulu zinthu, Pakati pafupifupi aliyense wapeza ntchito lonse makampani, moyo, chikhalidwe. Zofunika kwenikweni chimasanduka halogenated, amene ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Iwo samangokhala nacho mkulu malonda mtengo, komanso yofunika zopangira kwa syntheses mankhwala ambiri, yokonza medicaments ndi mankhwala ena ofunika. Tiyenera kulipira mwapadera dongosolo lawo maselo, katundu, ndi makhalidwe ena.

Halogenated chimasanduka: makhalidwe ambiri

Kwa zasayansi, kwa kalasi la mankhwala monga chimasanduka onse amene chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen m'malo mwa munthu kapena halogen wina. Izi ndi gulu waukulu kwambiri wa zinthu, chifukwa ndi zofunika kwambiri mafakitale. Mkati mwachilungamo yochepa anthu nthawi aphunzira lithe pafupifupi chimasanduka onse halogenated, ntchito zomwe ziri zofunika mankhwala, makampani mankhwala, adzasowa chakudya ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

The njira zoyambirira za kukonzekera mankhwala awa - ndi kupanga njira mu zasayansi ndi mafakitale komanso chikhalidwe pafupifupi palibe mmodzi wa iwo sadzafika. Chifukwa halogen iwo ali zotakasika kwambiri. Kwakukulukulu Mzimuyo ntchito yawo mankhwala kaphatikizidwe ngati mankhwala wapakatikati.

Monga anthu a chimasanduka halogenated zambiri, kuti m'kagulu malinga ndi muyezo osiyana. maziko lagona onse kapangidwe ndi multiplicity mgwirizano dera, ndi kusiyana mu ma atomu a halogen ndi malo malo awo.

Halogenated chimasanduka: Gawo

A chimake choyamba olekanitsa mogwirizana ndi mfundo ambiri amavomereza kuti ntchito zonse mankhwala organic. Gawo zachokera kusiyana kwa mtundu wa unyolo mpweya, cyclicality ake. Pa mfundo imeneyi zimatulutsa:

• Kuchepetsa chimasanduka halogenated;
• unsaturated;
• onunkhira;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

kulekana lotsatira chimakhuzana halogen atomu ndi wokhutira kachulukidwe mu molekyulu ndi. Choncho, amasulidwe:

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• tri-;
• tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye ndi zina zotero.

Ngati ife kulankhula za halogen, ndiye dzina la kum'mwera kwa gulu imakhala mawu awiri. Mwachitsanzo, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken ndi zina zotero.

Komanso, pali chimake wina wa gulu, zimene ankasiyana makamaka halogenated chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Ichi ndi chiwerengero cha mpweya atomu imene halogen amamangiriridwa. Choncho, amasulidwe:

• opangidwa kuchokera chachikulu;
• sekondale;
• ukachenjede, ndi zina zotero.

Aliyense nthumwi munthu angathe pachikhalidwe malinga ndi zizindikiro zonse ndi kudziwa malo wonse dongosolo la mankhwala organic. Mwachitsanzo, pawiri ndi zikuchokera CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ akhoza wachinsinsi monga. Izi si malire aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

kapangidwe maselo

Pamaso pa maatomu halogen sangathe koma bwanji katundu komanso kuvutika ndi mankhwala, ndi kapangidwe ambiri molekyulu ndi. Chilinganizo wamkulu kalasi ya mankhwala ndi wa mawonekedwe R-Hal, kumene R - hydrocarbon kwakukulu lopanda dongosolo lililonse, ndipo Hal - ndi halogen atomu, umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Communication pakati mpweya ndi halogen kwambiri magetsi, umene molekyulu wonse amamuchititsa zotsatira ziwiri:

• zoipa inductance;
• mesomeric positive.

Apa, yoyamba ndi kwambiri mphamvu, kotero Hal atomu nthawi zonse akusonyeza katundu wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za pochoka substituent.

Mu ena onse mbali structural la tinthu ali palibe zosiyana ndi zimene chimasanduka ochiritsira. Katundu anafotokoza kapangidwe ndi unyolo nthambi zake, chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya, zonunkhira makhalidwe mphamvu.

mwapadera ayenera nomenclature wa chimasanduka halogenated. Kodi kutchedwa kugwirizana deta? Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kutsatira malamulo ochepa.

1. unyolo analipo akuyamba ndi lupanga limene kwambiri ndi halogen atomu. Ngati pali ubale angapo, kuwerengetsa akuyamba ndi iye, osati ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za pochoka substituents.
2. Dzina Hal mmene manambala oyambirira, ayenera amasonyeza chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya kuchokera chimene chimachoka.
3. Chinthu chomaliza amapatsidwa dzina la unyolo maatomu chachikulu (kapena mphete).

Chitsanzo cha mayina: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Dzinali angaperekedwe ndi zomveka nomenclature. Mu nkhani iyi, kwakukulu kutchula dzina, ndiyeno - ndi suffix -id halogen. Chitsanzo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ br - propyl bromide.

Monga makalasi zina za mankhwala organic, chimasanduka halogenated ndi dongosolo makamaka. Izi mamembala ambiri tisonyezeni maina mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Kapezekedwe ka halogens atatu molekyulu amapereka katundu wapadera wa thunthu. Izo ntchito mankhwala, choncho n'zosavuta kuti ntchito maina mbiri.

njira kupanga

Njira pokonza chimasanduka halogenated zosiyanasiyana ndithu. Pali zisanu njira zoyambirira za kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala amenewa zasayansi ndi mafakitale.

1. Halogenation ya kapangidwe wabwinobwino wa chimasanduka ochiritsira. General anachita chiwembu: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Features kwa ndondomekoyi muli motere: ndi chlorine ndi bromine Onetsetsani kuti cheza dzuwa, anachita ndi ayodini ndi sizingatheke kapena wochedwa. Popeza fluorine mogwirizana ndi yogwira kwambiri, choncho ntchito yogwira halogen mu maonekedwe ake angwiro sindingakhoze. Komanso, mu halogenation wa zotumphukira onunkhira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito catalysts wapadera ndondomeko - asidi Lewis. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo mankhwala enaake kapena zotayidwa.
2. Kukonzekera chimasanduka halogenated ali anagwiritsanso ndi gidrogalogenirovaniya. Komabe, pawiri ichi poyamba tiyenera kukhala unsaturated hydrocarbon. Chitsanzo: R = rr + HHal → rr-RHal. Ifenso kwambiri Kuwonjezera electrophilic ntchito kupeza chloroethene kapena vinilu enaake, kuyambira pawiri imeneyi ndi yofunika zopangira kwa syntheses mafakitale.
3. Mmene alcohols gidrogalogenov. Mkuluyu mawonekedwe zimene: R-HA + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. Mu mbali lamulo pamaso pa chothandizira ndi. Zitsanzo za ndondomeko ya accelerators zimene tingagwiritse ntchito: chlorides phosphorous, sulfure, nthaka kapena Zitsulo, asidi sulfuric yothetsera wa mankhwala enaake nthaka mu acid amathiridwa - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation salt asidi nthumwi oxidizing. dzina lina njira - anachita Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Mfundo yaikulu imakhala mu pogawanikana pamawere wa molekyulu mpweya woipa opangidwa kuchokera siliva zidulo carboxylic atadziŵa ndi wothandizila oxidizing - halogen. Chifukwa, chimasanduka halogenated anapanga. Zochita zambiri ali motere: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + NKHA ₂ + AgHal.
5. Kaphatikizidwe galoformov. M'mawu ena, phwando trigalogenproizvodnyh dziko. Chophweka njira kutulutsa iwo - kukhudzana acetone zamchere njira halogens. Chifukwa, pali mapangidwe galoformnyh mamolekyulu. Apanga momwemo makampani halogenated chimasanduka onunkhira.

chidwi ziperekedwe kwa kaphatikizidwe wa oimira unsaturated a kalasi. The njira zofunika - ndi yaikulu salt alkynes Mercury ndi mkuwa pamaso pa halogens, zotsatira mankhwala ndi ubale awiri mu unyolo.

Halogenated chimasanduka onunkhira akamagwira halogenation zochita arenes kapena alkylarene mbali unyolo. Awa ndi mankhwala ofunika mafakitale, chifukwa ntchito ngati tizirombo mu ulimi.

thupi katundu

The thupi katundu wa chimasanduka halogenated ndi mwachindunji amadalira Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi. Pa kutentha kuwira ndi limatsogolera boma la loitanirana bwanji chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu unyolo ndi nthambi angathere mbali imeneyi. The zambiri, kanjedza ndi apamwamba. Ambiri tikhoza zimaonetsa magawo thupi pa mfundo zingapo.

1. Maonekedwe: choyamba m'munsi oimira - mipweya, wotsatira ku C ₁₂ - madzi pamwamba - thupi olimba.
2. Ndi lakuthwa zosasangalatsa fungo yeniyeni, pafupifupi onse nthumwi.
3. bwino kwambiri sungunuka m'madzi, koma nokha - solvents kwambiri. The mankhwala organic kusungunuka bwino.
4. Otentha ndi kusungunuka kuwonjezeka kutentha ndi kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu unyolo waukulu.
5. kugwirizana, koma opangidwa kuchokera fluorine, zolemera kwambiri kuposa madzi.
6. Nthambi zambiri mu unyolo waukulu, m'munsi kuwira mfundo za thunthu.

Kovuta kuzindikira mbali zambiri zofanana nazo chifukwa oimira zimasiyana kwambiri mu kapangidwe dongosolo. Choncho, bwino zotsatira mfundo iliyonse pawiri makamaka ija ya chimasanduka.

katundu mankhwala

Chimodzi mwa magawo zofunika kwambiri zimene ziyenera kuganizira mankhwala mafakitale ndi kaphatikizidwe zochita ndi mankhwala zimatha chimasanduka halogenated. Iwo sali chimodzimodzi kwa anthu onse, monga pali zifukwa zingapo kwa kusiyana.

1. Kapangidwe ka unyolo mpweya. Chophweka njira ya M'MALO anachita (nucleophilic mtundu) kubwera ku sekondale ndipo ukachenjede halides alkyl.
2. Halogen mtundu kumathandizanso. Communication pakati mpweya ndi Hal kwambiri magetsi, ndi kuti lili ndi chotupa zosavuta kumasula ufulu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Komabe, chophweka njira kulankhula ndi pakati pa ayodini ndi mpweya chifukwa kusintha chilengedwe (kuchepetsa) mu kumanga mphamvu mu mndandanda ndi: F-CL-br-ine.
3. Kukhalapo kwa onunkhira nsinga kwakukulu kapena angapo.
4. Kapangidwe ndi nthambi ya kwakukulu.

Ambiri, ndi bwino alkyl halides anatani ndendende nucleophilic M'MALO. Pambuyo mpweya atomu pambuyo anawononga chifukwa halogen anaikira mlandu pang'ono positive. Ichi chizathandiza kwakukulu lonse kukhala acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh particles. Mwachitsanzo:

• HA ^-;
• CHONCHO ₄ ^2-;
• NO ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- ndi ena.

Ikufotokoza chakuti kuchokera hydrocarbon halogenated mukhoza kupita pafupifupi kalasi iliyonse ya mankhwala organic muyenera kusankha reagent yoyenera yomwe adzapereka magwiridwe ankafuna.

Ambiri tinganene kuti katundu mankhwala a hydrocarbon halogenated ali ndi luso kugwira nawo ankachita izi.

1. Ndi particles nucleophilic m'njira zosiyanasiyana - m'malo anachita. Zotsatira zake zingakhale ndi: alcohols, ethers, esters, mankhwala nitro, amines, nitriles, zidulo carboxylic.
2. Kucotsa anachita kapena dehydrohalogenation. Chifukwa cha njira mowa wa soda halide molekyulu ng'ambidwa kutali. Choncho anapanga alkene, otsika maselo kulemera mwa mankhwala - ndi madzi amchere. Mwachitsanzo zotani: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ br + NaOH _(mowa) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Izi njira - njira ina chachikulu kaphatikizidwe wa alkenes zofunika. Dongosololi nthawi zonse limodzi ndi kutentha.
3. Kukonzekera alkanes dongosolo wabwinobwino wa Wurtz kaphatikizidwe njira. Akamanena za zimene imakhala kuvumbula kampira-mmalo hydrocarbon (mamolekyulu awiri) ndi sodium zitsulo. Kodi mwamphamvu electropositive ion, sodium kulandira maatomu halogen ku pawiri lapansi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anamasulidwa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon atsekedwa pakati pa ubwenzi, alkane kupanga dongosolo latsopano. Chitsanzo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. Kaphatikizidwe homologues wa chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi Friedel-Timatheriyali anachita. Akamanena za ndondomeko - cha kugonjera ndi haloalkyl benzene pamaso pa mankhwala enaake zotayidwa. Chifukwa cha zochita m'malo toluene ndi mapangidwe mankhwala enaake a hydrogen. Pankhaniyi pamaso pa chothandizira ndi zofunika. Kuwonjezera pa benzene m'njira izi zikhoza oxidized ndi homologs ake.
5. Kukonzekera Grenyara madzi. reagent Ichi ndi kampira-mmalo hydrocarbon ndi mankhwala enaake a ion mu zikuchokera. Poyamba izo ikuchitika zotsatira za zitsulo mankhwala enaake a mu mlengalenga pa haloalkyl otumphukira. Chifukwa ndi pawiri zovuta za chilinganizo ambiri RMgHal, anatchula Grenyara reagent.
6. kuchepetsa kwa alkane (alkene, arene). Anachita pansi zochita za haidrojeni. Chifukwa ndi hydrocarbon ndi chochokera - halide wa hydrogen. Chitsanzo cha fomu ambiri: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Izi zimachitika zofunika, amene mosavuta kulowa chimasanduka halogenated dongosolo losiyana. Ndithudi, palinso zochita zenizeni, zimene ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti aliyense womuimira.

mamolekyulu isomer

Isomerism halogenated chimasanduka - chodabwitsa zachilengedwe kwathunthu. Amadziwika kuti kwambiri mpweya maatomu mu unyolo, ndi apamwamba chiwerengero cha mitundu isomeric. Komanso, oimira unsaturated ndi nsinga angapo, amene amakhala ndi chifukwa cha isomers.

Awiri mitundu waukulu zodabwitsazi kwa kalasi ya mankhwala tingaone.

1. Isomerism kwakukulu ndi mpweya mafupa a unyolo waukulu. Ichinso akhoza zimachitika udindo wa mgwirizano angapo, ngati alipo mu molekyulu ndi. Mofanana ndi chimasanduka yosavuta, kuchokera kwa yachitatu nthumwi chilinganizo akhoza kulemba mankhwala ndi zofanana maselo koma osiyana structural formular mawu. Kuwonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha mitundu isomeric a dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa kuposa alkanes lolingana (alkenes, alkynes, arenes ndi zina zotero) kuti chimasanduka halogen.
2. Udindo wa halogen mu molekyulu ndi. mpando wake chiwerengero mmene mutu, ngakhale kusintha chimodzi chokha, katundu wa isomers awa adzakhala yosiyana.

Okhudza malo isomerism apa ife sindikuyankhula, monga halogen maatomu iyi yosatheka. Mofanana ndi mankhwala ena onse organic mu haloalkyls isomers amasiyana osati dongosolo komanso maonekedwe ndi mankhwala.

Opangidwa kuchokera kwa hydrocarbon unsaturated

mankhwala amenewa, ndithudi, kwambiri. Komabe, ndife chidwi chimasanduka halogenated unsaturated. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu waukulu.

1. Vinilu - pamene atomu Hal ili mwachindunji mpweya atomu chomangira angapo. CHITSANZO molekyulu: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Ndi malo akutali. The halogen atomu ndipo chomangira angapo lili mbali ina ya molekyulu ndi. Chitsanzo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. Fungo zotumphukira - ndi halogen atomu mgwirizano iwiri ili umodzi mpweya atomu, kuti awasungira mu malo Alpha. Chitsanzo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi pawiri monga mankhwala enaake vinilu, CH ₂ = CHCL. Iwo akhoza polymerization zochita kupanga mankhwala ofunika, monga kutchinjiriza, nsalu madzi ndi zina zotero.

nthumwi ina ya unsaturated opangidwa kuchokera halogenated - chloroprene. Chilinganizo wake - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. pawiri Ichi ndi chinthu choyambira cha kaphatikizidwe wa rubbers amene amasiyana moto kukana, moyo wautali, otsika permeability ku mipweya.

Tetrafluoroethylene (kapena Teflon), - ndi polima amene ali specifications khalidwe. Ndi ntchito kupanga chivundikiro lofunika mfundo luso, mbale, zosiyanasiyana zipangizo. Chilinganizo - CF ₂ = CF _2.

chimasanduka onunkhira opangidwa kuchokera awo

mankhwala onunkhira ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo benzene mphete. Mwa iwo ndi gulu lonse la halogen. Awiri mitundu ikuluikulu ya iwo mu dongosolo akhoza kuzindikiridwa.

1. Ngati Hal atomu ndi angongole mwachindunji pakati, i.e. mphete onunkhira, ndiye pawiri amatchedwa haloarenes.
2. The halogen atomu samangika kwa mphete ndi mbali maatomu unyolo, i.e. ndi kwakukulu effluent ku nthambi mbali. mankhwala amatchedwa aryl alkyl halides.

Pakati pa zinthu mu funso angatchedwe anthu angapo amene ndi Chofunika kwambiri zothandiza.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ CL _6. Chiyambireni cha XX m'ma ntchito ngati fungicide wamphamvu ndi tizilombo. Iwo ali wabwino masaka tingati ilo ntchito mankhwala mbewu pamaso screenings lapansi. Ali ndi fungo, zokwanira madzi caustic, momveka, angachititse womwetula.
2. Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ br. Izo ntchito monga reactant zofunika kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organometallic.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. Colorless madzi mankhwala ndi fungo yeniyeni. Ntchito kupanga utoto, mankhwala. Ndi mmodzi wa solvents bwino organic.

Ntchito pakampani

chimasanduka Halogenated ntchito makampani wake ndi mankhwala kaphatikizidwe ndi yotakata kwambiri. About oimira unsaturated ndi zonunkhira tanena. Tsopano amatanthauza zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ija.

1. Yomanga.
2. Monga solvents.
3. Kupanga nsalu, labala, labala colorants, zipangizo polymeric.
4. Pakuti kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala ambiri organic.
5. opangidwa kuchokera Fluorine (CFCs) - ndi refrigerants mu kachitidwe refrigeration.
6. Ntchito ngati mankhwala, tizirombo, fungicides, mafuta, vanishi, resins, lubricants.
7. Pitani popanga zipangizo zokutira zitsulo, ndi zina zotero.