Golden ducat. Mtengo Russian ndalama. Royal golide ducat

Golden ducat ndi unit ndalama ya Russian Ufumu ndi la Soviet Union. Nthawi zina, iye anali munthu kapena ofanana ndi mnzake mu rubles. dzina anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri amatanthauza banknotes mu mayunitsi khumi, mwachitsanzo, hryvnia, rubles, mayuro ndi zina zotero. Iwo amagwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa USSR golide ndalama, kulemera, chuma ndi miyeso ya amene mobwerezabwereza khumi ducat Nicholas. Pali Baibulo lina. Akuti kuti nauni "golide chidutswa" lachokera ku adjective "golide woyenga" mwachitsanzo, "Red". Tanthauzo latsopano mawu potsiriza anagwirizana maudindo awo pambuyo kusintha ndalama ya 1922-1924.

Tsarist Russia

Poyamba, tanthawuzo la "golide ducat" amatanthauza aliyense ndalama za golidi yachilendo zinapangidwa ku aloyi apamwamba. Ambiri a iwo anali sequins ndi ducats ku Netherlands ndi Hungary. Ndi Ivan III kwa Peter ine m'dera la Russia zinapangidwa golide wapadera ndalama achifumu. Iwo akutchedwanso ndalama za golidi (ngati njira - Cervone), koma iwo amakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito zizindikiro mphoto. Pa mankhwala amenewa anali fano chiombankhanga theka kutalika chithunzi (nthawizina awiri mutu mbalame inali mbali zonse za ndalama).

Pampando wachifumu Peter I

Mawu oyamba zidutswa golide zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha ndalama. Njira yatsopano ya malipiro kulemera anali magalamu 3,47 ndi chitsanzo 986. makhalidwe onse zinali zofanana ndi ducat Chihangare. Komanso, unayambitsidwa kupanga ndalama mu zidutswa ziwiri zagolide. thupi lawo linali kale magalamu 6,94.

Russian ndalama golide inakhazikitsa mu 1701. Poyamba, magazini 118 zinalembedwa. Iwo ntchito kwenikweni mu wotuluka ndi amalonda kunja.

Golden ducat 1907 (tsiku la makalata olembedwa) likupezeka mu buku limodzi. Iye anali mu Vienna Museum ku yosonkhanitsa Biron. Mu 2010, chitsanzo wapadera zinali zokwana madola zikwi mazana atatu. The Hermitage, mukhoza kuona chenicheni m'munsi siliva ducat 1907 zambiri pali remakes kwa ndalama izi, ndi yasiliva mkulu amasankha ndi mkuwa. phindu Akuti pafupifupi zikwi 50 rubles kwa mankhwala mu chikhalidwe chabwino (XF).

Mu ulamuliro wa Peter wachifumu golide ducat anali zinapangidwa kuchokera 1701 mpaka 1716. Pambuyo pake, m'malo ndi ndalama rubles awiri ndi kusokonezeka m'munsi. Izo zimasonyeza Andrey Pervozvanny - woyang'anira woyera wa mayiko Russian.

The resumption a Ndalama za ducats chinachitika mu 1729 pansi Petro Wachiwiri. Pamene Elizabeti anakwera mpandowachifumu, pa ndalama anali kuika deta pa mwezi, ndi zina tsiku chilengedwe chonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo padali kugawanikana bwino mu mitundu iwiri - ndi chifanizo cha St. Andrew kapena State chizindikiro. Chinsinsi kuthamangitsa ducats Dutch nayamba pa timbewu mu 1768. Iwo ankafuna kuti azitha kusamalira mfumu ndalama za golidi malonda misika ya kunja.

ndalama Russian golide ndi Nicholas II

1907 chinali chiyambi cha kutulutsidwa mu makope banknotes latsopano mu zipembedzo za rubles khumi. Ichi chinali chifukwa patsogolo njira yopanga pepala. Posakhalitsa, inalamula kuti apereke makhadi mu rubles khumi mu 1909 nyemba chaka. Iwo anali mu ntchito mpaka woyamba October 1922. Kusinthanitsa ndalama yatsopano pa mlingo wa rubles 10 chikwi. 1 ruble lakale, koma iwo alibe chitakhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, tinayamba kutulutsa zisanu ruble ndalama zitsanzo mkulu 986, yomwe kenako kusanduka mphindi 917.

An njira zina

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anayamba timbewu ndalama malipiro a pulatinamu (wochedwanso zidutswa woyera golide). Zinali mtengo kwambiri Russian ndalama mu nyengo. Zilizonse pa Koyamba, yankho lake ndi losavuta: mu 1827 Russian chuma anali nkhokwe chidwi ya pulatinamu, amene yotengedwa placers Ural. Zinali mwakuti kugulitsa mwachindunji ndi chitsulo chabwinocho chabe n'kugwa kumsika, nchifukwa chake anaganiza kumasula ducats woyera kupezeka. Ganizo minting ndalama pulatinamu a Werengerani Kankrin. Ndalama kuchokera yosakongola 97% wa zitsulo amapangidwa kuchokera 1828 chaka 1845. Pamene adakhala kupezeka mu zipembedzo zitatu, asanu ndi khumi rubles - yosowa kwambiri Russia. maonekedwe awo ndi chifukwa chakuti kwa aluso embossing kukula anasankhidwa monga kale kale chopangidwa masenti 25, madola makumi asanu ndi kuyamikira. Choncho, buku ili yachitsulo, ndipo ayesedwa pa 3, 6, 12 rubles.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ndalama za malipiro a zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi kwathunthu wapangidwa pulatinamu. ndalama Previous analemba za zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, koma monga aloyi mbuye kwa mkuwa kapena golide pa chinyengo.

Soviet Russia

Mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa mphamvu Soviet panali kuwonongedwa kwa dongosolo la ndalama ndi kukula mofulumira kufufuma. chikhulupiriro cha anthu sanagwiritse ntchito iliyonse "Kerensky zolemba" kapena "mfundo Soviet," kapena Duma ndalama kapena makhadi achifumu ngongole. Chipembedzo choyamba zinalengedwa 1922. Polankhula zinachitikadi mu chiŵerengero cha 1:10 000. Chifukwa, izo anatha kukonza dongosolo la ndalama, koma kusiya kufufuma - palibe. Ophunzira Eleventh Congress wa RCP (b) anaganiza kumasula khola Soviet ndalama. Kumene, tinakambirana za latsopano mutu ndalama. Iwo akupereka kuthawa wakale ndi kuikapo options watsopano - "chosintha". Mwachitsanzo, Commissariat of antchito analandira kupereka kuitana ndalama za "federalist." Kuyezedwa ndi chikhalidwe mayina - ndi ruble, ducat, ndi hryvnia. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti hryvnya otchedwa njira ya malipiro, anali akufalitsa m'dera la Ukraine, ndi ruble kugwirizana ndi ruble siliva, anaganiza dzina ndalama zatsopano wakale - ndalama za golidi. Chiwerengero anawatenga ndi chidaliro. chifukwa chinali ndalama golide amaona ngati chitetezo si ndalama, ndipo si monga njira mankhwala. Ambiri ankaganiza kuti iye anasinthanitsa pepala ndalama golide, koma kachitidwe boma pa kuwombola ufulu wa ndi sanawonekere. Komabe, pepala ndalama za golidi mwakhama inasintha mtengo ndalama Russian, ndi mosemphanitsa. Nthawi zina, woyamba ngakhale pang'ono overpaid chifukwa cha mayiko yosungirako awo ndi liquidity. Chifukwa cha khola kusinthitsa ndalama tenner boma analandira maziko amphamvu analamula wa Policy Chatsopano Economic (NEP).

kulimbikitsa udindo wa

Mu 1923, gawo ducats mu misa okwana ndalama chakula kuchokera atatu peresenti makumi asanu ndi atatu kuti. Awiri ndalama dongosolo unathandizira pa dziko. Choncho Bank State waneneratu watsopano tsiku mlingo tenner. Zimenezi nthaka yachonde kwa akuganizira amachititsa maonekedwe mavuto mu chitukuko cha ntchito zachuma ndi malonda. Ndi chervonets ndime ya nthawi anayamba ntchito makamaka mu mzinda. M'madera akumidzi, kuti akwanise agule alimi olemera okha, pamene anthu wamba zinali prohibitively mtengo. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali maganizo kugulitsa katundu zolemba Union - ndi mwayi, kotero ulimi mitengo kuchuluka, ndipo oyamba mu mzinda anakana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali chachiwiri chipembedzo rubles (1: 100).

Travel ku mayiko akutali

Onse kutchulidwa zambiri anali malowedwe zidutswa golide kuti misika ya kunja. Choncho, choyamba mu April 1924 kusinthitsa ndalama ake anayamba tamutchula pa New York Stock Kusinthanitsa. Mwezi woyamba, iye anakhala pa mlingo choposa parity dollar ake. Mu Berlin, London ndipo anapanga tagwirizana ndi Soviet ndalama zosavomerezeka mu 1924-1925 gg. Kumapeto kwa 1925 tinaganiza funso Chotsatira chake pa Vienna Stock Kusinthanitsa. Ngakhale ducat kale mwalamulo tamutchula Shanghai, Tehran, Rome, Constantinople, Milan ndi Riga. Iwo akhoza umasinthanitsidwa kapena anagula mu mayiko ambiri a dziko.

wopambana kubwerera

Mu October, anaganiza kuti ducat golide adzamasulidwa kachiwiri pa ndime ndi pepala. Kukula ndi makhalidwe, ndi kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi chisanadze chosintha khumi ndalama. Vasyutinskii - waukulu medalist timbewu - anali mlembi wa kapangidwe latsopano. Choncho, pa obverse zotsatirazi chovala manja RSFSR ndi, ndipo n'zosiyana - mlimi-wofesa. yotsirizira lidalengedwa ndi Shadr chosema, tsopano mu Tretyakov Gallery. Aliyense ducat golide ( "Wofesa mbewu," monga Anthu ambiri wotchedwa) nyengo madeti 1923.

Cash wa zitsulo wamtengo ambiri ankafunika boma la Soviet kwa ntchito malonda yachilendo. Komanso, golide ducat (zithunzi ndi kuperekedwa m'nkhani) nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga njira malipiro mu dziko. Makobidi anali zinapangidwa ku likulu kenako Zafalikira boma.

Pamene okha anayamba kubala mtengo Russian ndalama zagolidi, uko kunali zochitika: oimira Western mtu adakana ndalama izi chifukwa anali ikuimira Soviet Union. Yankho anapezeka yomweyo. Pachokera ndalama zatsopano Nicholas anatenga chidutswa golide amene alendo anatenga dyera. Motero, boma Union anayamba kugula uphungu izi zochokera kunja zolemba banki ndi chithunzi cha wolamulira atachotsedwa.

Nthawi pambuyo NEP

Kugwa Policy Chatsopano Economic ndi chiyambi cha mafakitale kuchepa golide ducat. mtengo wake unali mwa rubles 5.4 pa dola. Kenako, iye salinso kuti kutchulidwa kunja. Kuti ukhale wa chuma, ruble ali womangidwa kwa pepala rubles khumi. Kodi ndindalama golide ducat mu 1925? Iwo anam'patsa rubles khumi. Ndiyeno, malangizo ndi katundu wa ndalama wapatali zitsulo kunja Union kwathunthu yoletsedwa.

Mu 1937 panali mndandanda wa mtengo mwadzina la ducats 1, 3, 5 ndi 10. The luso la nthawi imeneyo - chithunzi cha Lenin kumbali ina ya ndalama.

Mu 1925 anagwidwa chitsanzo chosowa kwambiri mkuwa. Ndi miyeso onse, ndi kwathunthu zogwirizana ndi ndalama golide. Mu 2008, pa Moscow yobetcherana izo adagula rubles mamiliyoni asanu Russian (za 165 madola zikwi).

yankhondo

Pa ambiri a German-wotanganidwa Soviet m'madera ducat sanaleke kuyenda. Khumi rubles analola Reichsmark wina. The chododometsa kuti othandiza pa (apolisi Meya ndi anthu ena amene anathandizana ndi magulu lopondereza) mu 1941-1943. Iwo amalipidwa Soviet "Stalinist" Ruble 1937 kumasulidwa ndi zithunzi za anthu amene analimbana ndi Anazi ndi Red Army ndege zankhondo (awa anali otchedwa chuma zolemba).

pa mitengo Soviet m'gawo anali poyerekeza Germany. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti Anazi chongopeka mpweya mlingo wa Reichsmark Choncho, pa kumasulidwa kwa mudzi kwa adani mtengo wa mankhwala mu msika m'dera anakana kwambiri, nthawi zina katatu. Zimenezi Inde, ndithu anazindikira ndi anthu akuderalo.

Soviet Union analipira ndi ndalama za golidi mpaka 1947. Iwo m'malo ndi zolemba zatsopano chipembedzo mu rubles. Khumi ducats anapereka ruble wina.

Olympic 1980

State Bank Soviet Union kuchokera m'chaka cha 1975 mpaka 1982, woyamba chikalata ndalama ngati ducats chitsanzo 1923 ndi chovala manja RSFSR ndi madeti latsopano. Total makope anali makope 7.350.000. ndalamazi zinali kupangidwa pa nthawi ya Games Olympic mu Moscow, koma iwo analibe malamulo udindo wachikondi m'dera la Soviet Union. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito kuchititsa wotuluka malonda ena ndi anagulitsidwa kwa alendo yachilendo.

Mu zaka za m'ma 1990 Bank ku Central anayamba kugulitsa "Olympic zidutswa golide" monga ndalama ndalama, ndipo mu 2001 boma bungwe anaganiza iwo wachifundo malamulo pamodzi ndi trehrublevkoy siliva "Sobol".

The zoberana wotchuka

chervontsi Soviet anali mokwanira zovuta ndalama ndi osiyana mkulu kugula mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri linapanga kuti destabilize chuma cha USSR ndi wotuluka zoletsedwa mu misika ya kunja.

Koposa zonse chikutanthauza wolemekezeka antchito Nkhono Mafuta Company, osakhutira ndi chakuti Union zipangizo mafuta pa mtengo pansipa pafupifupi msika.

Ambiri zambiri nado bilu zipembedzo za Bakuman golide, chifukwa inali kuyandikira mbali imodzi yokha. A KATUNDU lalikulu kwambiri la zolemba onyenga banki angathe kumangidwa mu 1928 mu Murmansk. Bungwe mobisa, kugawira banknotes onyenga, osindikizidwa mu Germany, izo kuwuluridwa ndi makalata wantchito Sepalovym. Chiwembu chigawenga zofunika ntchito yomwe ena omwe alonda White, kuphatikizapo Sadaterashvili ndi Karumidze. Komabe, mlandu wa zigawenga unachitikira ku Switzerland ndi Germany, kumene iwo analandira ziganizo wotsikitsitsa zotheka. Kenako, chitsanzo chawo akupindula Nazi amene panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri linapanga banknotes la Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko ena.

Numismatist kuona

Mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas II zinapangidwa zonse kunachitika imperials ndi poluimperialy, umene nthawi m'malo ndi ndalama zochepa kulemera. Komanso, zachilendo anali inakhazikitsa Kudandaula ndalama Russian wowerengeka mu 7.5 ndi 15 rubles. Mphatso dvadtsatipyatirublevki stofrankovye ndi ndalama za golidi a mukusoŵa Numismatic. Zambiri wamba anali ducat wamba. Anawombola mu 1898-1911 gg. Komabe, ngakhale pano pali zosiyana: 1906 zinapangidwa achifumu golide ducat, mtengo umene panopa mpaka madola zikwi khumi apiece. Only 10 makope izi zinalembedwa, nchifukwa chake okhometsa ali okonzeka nkhondo ndi ufulu kukhala ngati ndalama osowa.

Anthu amene amafuna kuteteza ndalama, nthawi zambiri kukumanizana kusankha kovuta: kaya amatenga ndalama mu madola kapena mumauro kapena kusiya rubles ... Popeza Kusakhazikika kwa misika chuma padziko lonse, ambiri zolowa zida zina ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa kuwuka ducats golide ngakhale mofulumira, koma likunena. Komabe, mmene kudziwa kudalirika kwa ndalama? Pa golide achifumu tchervonetses Nicholas II amakhala mintsmeysterskie zizindikiro. M'chilankhulo cha German münzmeister dzina lake munthu pandekha udindo ndondomeko ya kulenga ndalama, kenako - kulamulira timbewu. Zizindikiro pamwamba wakumvera tsiku la nkhani, pa mwendo kapena mchira mphungu, pansi pa chizindikiro cha boma kapena pa mphepete. Iwo inkakhala Maina awiri münzmeister. Mwachitsanzo, Mfumu ducat 1899 nkhani amalembedwa ndi manyazi a "FZ", chifukwa pa nthawi ntchito aulemu anatumizidwa kwa Felike Zalemna.

ndalama yaitali makobidi mu zaka zingapo akhoza kubweretsa peresenti makumi awiri kapena makumi atatu ndalama pachaka kuti inunso mukuvomereza osati zoipa.