Fronda - mndandanda wa zipolowe odana ndi boma France mu 1648-1652 gg.

ndi Fronde ndi chiyani? The tanthauzo la mawu ngakhale ali ndi kulungamitsidwa mosamalitsa mbiri - umatchedwa chiwerengero cha zionetsero odana ndi boma France pakati pa zaka zana XVII - koma ndi khalidwe nditaona ndi wachipongwe. Zochitika zasonyeza kuti atchulidwa zonse zochitika wakale anali onyenga, wolalata kulimbikitsa ubwino wa dziko ndi anthu ake, ndi zoona, tikungochita zofuna zawo.

Little ulendowu mu zilankhulo

Yochulukirapo pang'ono pa mawu "Fronde". Ichi sichina ngati Chirasha French katchulidwe - Fronde, kutanthauza "gulaye". Kamodzi choncho otchedwa masewera ana otchuka ndi kugwera zisangalalo kanthu ndi zosafunikira. Pa zifukwa tanenera, ambiri ntchito pofotokoza anthu mawu, kusonyeza kusakhutira ndi maulamuliro, koma sangathe kusankha kanthu konkire.

France m'zaka za m'ma XVII

Chochitika, lomwe linapereka kwa zikamera akuti adayamba yapangidwa France kuyambira makumi za m'ma XVII. Mwa nthawi imeneyi ambiri a anthu, imene inali wamba, makamaka zitawonongeka ndi nkhondo, msonkho wokwera ndi wakubayu pa mbali ya asilikali ake, ndipo ena mwa magulu mdani. Zimenezi zinachititsa mavuto kakhalidwe ka akayaka kumulakwira lotseguka.

Malinga ndi mwambo anakhazikitsa Fronde - liwu ntchito potanthauza ulaliki apamwamba French apamwamba, anayesa kugwiritsa otchuka kusakhutira pa zofuna zawo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pakuti zazing'ono Louis XIV State Board akuchita amake - Mfumukazi Regent Anna Avstriyskaya ndi mtumiki woyamba, Kadinala Mazarin. mfundo kwawo chifukwa kusakhutira osati misa, komanso osankhika bwalo. Zotsatira zake zinali chitsutso, lotsogoledwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo.

Wakutali zochita za misa

mamembala chitsutso cha zigawo chapamwamba cha ulamuliro anali yoyamba zitsanzo otchuka. Ngakhale kupanduka zambiri zopusa ndi ankhanza, kaya iye akuswa mu Orenburg steppe, kapena pansi mazenera a Versailles, mu nkhani iyi, mfumukazi ndi kadinala anali mwayi - izo zinali zochepa zokha pomanga mpanda, ndipo popanda kukhetsa magazi. Koma kuopa Anna Avstriyskaya anavutika ndipo anapanga zokambirana zigawengazo ndi nyumba yamalamulo.

zochitika latsopano nayenso adzipangira, pamene, mu 1648 kumbali ya Mfumukazi adapanga ziphuphu mphatso Kalonga wa Conde - ngwazi anazindikira itangotha wa zaka makumi atatu nkhondo. Izi adventurer wosimidwa ndi aganyu msilikali wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali ake kuti Paris, kuposa mliri atsopano wosakhutira ya misa, amene mgwirizano ndi gulu la ophunzira kamodzinso kuti misewu.

khoti anapitiriza kulimbana ndi chipwirikiti

Fronda - chabe chinachake chimene chinapangidwa chifukwa cha misalliance modabwitsa chonchi - Union osauka ndi anthu olemera jaded. Ngati yoyamba awo mawu odana ndi boma anali wodzipereka kwambiri, yotsirizira anayesa yekha wachotsa zodzipindulitsa zisachitike. Izi anali bwinobwino ndi initiators chachikulu cha zipolowe za - aphungu. Osati kudalira thandizo la apamwamba, iwo anafulumira kuganiza pangano mtendere ndi mfumukazi, ndipo zimenezo yochepa kuchepa.

Koma mtendere wosatha mu dziko sizinachitike. Bata waphwanya onse Prince womwewo wa Conde. Mwamwayi, iye ankadya imfa nsanje Mazarin ndi chilakolako wokakamiza Mfumukazi Regent umwana zomukondweretsa panokha za zisankho zandale. Choperewera mphamvu kukhala chabwino courtly intrigue, iye antics wake mwano otalikirana pabwalo ndipo m'kupita m'ndende.

Mtsogoleri cassock ndi

Ngakhale laulemerero firebrand anakhala mu chipinda Vinsenskogo m'linga, dziko kunabuka kugalukira watsopano, nthawi ili linakonzedwa ndi mlongo wake ndi mfumu ya La Rochefoucauld ndi gulu la olemekezeka, anamuda Cardinal. Kuopsa chachikulu khotilo linali kuti Mfumukazi ya Conde ndi anzake, kunyalanyaza zokonda dziko, anabweretsa monga anzawo a ku Spain - adani chikhalidwe France. Osati kanthu lidatsirizika maganizo kuti Fronde - makamaka akumenya zofuna zawo.

Cardinal anathamangitsidwira kuchoka kwa nthaŵi ya Misa utumiki mu mpingo wa Cathedral wa Notre Dame ndi kupita ku mutu wa asilikali pogonjetsa m'madera opanduka. Iye anakomana naye bwino, ndipo posakhalitsa chochuluka opandukawo zidayika manja awo. Motalikitsa anakana asilikali boma Bordeaux, koma zokometsera wodzipereka July 1650. Tikumbukenso kuti Mazarin, ngakhale kuti iye anali munthu wa udindo waukulu wauzimu, anadziwa zochita nkhondo. Chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa opanduka, iye mofulumira ndi molondola anasiya kuukira anali patsogolo ndi thandizo lawo ku Spain.

Ufulu ndi kuperekedwa kwa Prince de A Conde

Komabe, akadzagonjetsedwa opandukawo Fronde ku France sanapereke - kwambiri anali pa adani Mazarin ku Paris yokha. Zidamuda, kuthamangira mphamvu ya apamwamba chiwembu nagonjetsa kwa nthawi yaitali, nyumba yamalamulo ndi anapanga mgwirizano wakufunsa kuchotsedwa kwa mphamvu ya Mfumukazi ndi Mazarin kumasulidwa ku ndende Prince de A Conde. Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kusokonekera kwa Anne a Austria, frondory anayesa kulengeza kwa zazing'ono wolamulira Mfumu Louis XIV sanali ake, ndi Kalonga wa Orleans.

The ziwiri zofunika poyamba anakumana ndi Kalonga wa Conde, m'ndende. Kamodzi mfulu, iye, mosiyana ndi zoyembezereka za anzake akale, kukayesedwa ndi malonjezo wopatsa ndi Mfumukazi anagwirizana msasa wake. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti Lonjezo la chuma - chabe mawu opanda pake, napeza kubera ndipo pomwepo adawoloka ku frondoram. Oddly zokwanira, anzake akale analandira - zikuoneka venality akhala ankaona zabwinobwino.

Nkhondo, ankadana ndi anthu

Ndi nthawi iyi zinthu pa dziko zachitika yoopsa kwambiri ndi ngozi ya Mfumukazi ndi owononga. M'mizinda yambiri, wayamba kugalukira chikwiyire Kalonga Conde ndi anamuperekeza wake, ndi kum'mwera anayamba kuukira wina asilikali Spanish. Events akanakhoza kutenga kukhota oipa, koma anapulumutsa Cardinal Mazarin.

Atatsala pang'ono kuti, wapanikizidwa yamalamulo, adamfunsa yosiya ake, anachoka m'dera la France. Ndipo tsopano, panthawi yovutayi, anapezeka, koma sindikhala pa ndekha, koma limodzi ndi detachment amphamvu mercenaries, amene alemba ntchito ku Germany. Tikumbukenso kuti akalibe nayo nthawi, monga Kalonga Conde ndi asilikali ake alowa Paris.

M'misewu likulu French ndi chipata cha mzindawo anayamba kusimidwa kukumana. N'zochititsa chidwi - mbiri yakale amasonyeza kuti anthu wamba mu nkhani iyi, sankalowerera, ndi ofanana distaste imakhudzanso mbali zonse za kusagwirizanako. Aliyense ali wotopa ndi osatha ndi paliponse kutsogolera udani, kale kuti salinso wafunsira chifukwa wake weniweni. Fronda anataya anthu ambiri ndipo inasanduka yolimbirana mphamvu mkati boma wolowezana.

Akamaliza masewera andale

Ife kuthetsa zinthu zonse Mfumukazi Regent. Ndi nthawi kuchotsedwa likulu kotero sakumvetsa Cardinal kutsutsidwa ndipo analengeza wokonzeka yake concede amafuna nyumba yamalamulo. Zinali mchitidwe wina ndale, koma ndi thandizo la Anna Avstriyskaya anapambana pa otsutsa kale pakati olemekezeka a. Onse a iwo analandira boma wolemekezeka ndi kutentha malo. Conde yekha ndipo mwamsanga kuperekedwa wina, kugwirizana Spanish Army.

Izi anathetsa wathuwu Fronde. Mwachidule Ponena mwachidule zimene zinachitikazi, mungathe motsimikiza kuti, Popeza mudayamba ngati kung'anima kumusonyeza misa chikhalidwe, ndondomeko izi amati kulimbana dyera mphamvu, olemekezeka apamwamba a boma. Ngakhale kukula kwa chochitika, chirichonse chimene chinachitika mu France mu nthawi ya pakati pa zaka 1648 ndi 1653, chifukwa cha zofuna ochepa. Choncho ankaganiza kuti Fronde - mtundu wa akusowekapo masewera blase chuma ndi mphamvu andale.