Facultative anaerobes - ndi chiyani ichi? Zitsanzo ndi gulu

Oimira Monera ufumu, komanso ena mphutsi parasitic ndi algae ndi bowa yodziwika ndi mwapadera makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic zikuchitika, pakalibe mpweya maselo kapena pa ndende otsika. Zamoyo m'malo mpweya-free - izo anaerobes. Facultative ndipo ziyenera mitundu, komanso zitsanzo za moyo wawo ndi gulu la tidzakambirana mwa ife m'nkhani ino.

N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera mpweya

Ife mwachindunji kuti tikambirana otchedwa mkati, kapena ma, kupuma. ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kwa zinthu, makamaka shuga kulowa selo. Ngati njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni kutenga mbali mpweya - majeremusi amatchedwa aerobic. Ngati munthu alandira gawo la mphamvu ndi gawo lapansi phosphorylation popanda inflow wa O ₂ mamolekyulu - ndi zamoyo, anaerobes.

Mawu amenewa anayamba ndi Lui Pasterom mu 1861, poyamba okhawo mitundu ina ya prokaryotes kuchita butyric asidi nayonso mphamvu. Mu tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso ano pansi pa dzina ili zamoyo zonse zimagwira ntchito acceptor yomaliza mpweya, ndi ku feteleza, wa hydrogen kapena mankhwala organic. Kupuma unyolo aerobic, facultative ndipo ziyenera anaerobes, amene tikambirana pansipa, njira ikuchitika kagayidwe mphamvu, imene makutidwe ndi okosijeni a shuga, mafuta ndi amino zidulo kuti NKHA _2, H ₂ O ndi NH _3. Dziwani kuti kagayidwe anaerobic imayenera zosakwana oxygen. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kukula, pakalibe mpweya kumafuna gawo lapansi zambiri, mwachitsanzo shuga. Mphamvu chifukwa cha akuwaza ya nthandala mpweya-free nawonso ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, pamene glycolysis - 2 timadontho-timadontho aliyense ATP kwa shuga molekyulu, pamene mpweya pogawanikana pamawere a apanga mamolekyulu 36 adenosine triphosphate.

The zosiyanasiyana anaerobes

Mu gulu la masiku zikuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana zamoyo, makamaka mabakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, facultative anaerobes - mitundu wosakwatira kapena Mipikisano tating'ono wa prokaryotes, zomera kapena bowa, amene catabolism sikutanthauza O _2. Koma kukhalapo kwake mu cytosol wa khungu kapena chilengedwe kunja si anthu oopsa. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa anthu: anginal streptococcus hemolytic staphylococcus. Iwo facultative anaerobes, ndi mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya amene umoyo zothandiza kwa anthu. Choncho, thermophilic Streptococcus anadziphatika lactose kuti C ₃ H ₆ O _3, ntchito kupanga mkaka mankhwala thovu: kirimu wowawasa mkaka, tchizi zofewa. Mu mankhwala, ndi chofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wa probiotics ntchito kupewa matenda otsekula m'mimba ndi enterocolitis wa etiology zosiyanasiyana. Kupitiriza ndi gulu la anaerobes, onani makroaerofilov tikukhala mu malo kumene ambiri O ₂ Kodi musalumphe 0.5-1%.

Pakati pawo, ambiri anthu tizilombo mitundu, monga streptococci, kuchititsa pharyngitis, ndi matenda Lyme. zina aerobes facultative moyo mu kapepala anthu m'mimba, kuchititsa zosiyanasiyana gastritis ndi m'mimba zilonda. Nthumwi causative matenda pamwamba ziri zodziwika bwino Helicobacter. A ambiri makroaerofilov zokhudza anaerobes facultative, amafuna kuti kagayidwe amanena mkulu wa mpweya. Awa amatchedwa prokaryotes capnophile.

Kupuma unyolo facultative anaerobes

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuphunzira za makhalidwe a gulu la kagayidwe mabakiteriya. M'mikhalidwe choyezera, tapeza kuti zingadziŵike mu njira ya zinthu organic munali osiyana kulemera chiwerengero cha oxygen. anaerobes izi Adzadzipezera pafupi pansi pa chubu, m'mene ndende za O ₂ ndi otsika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti facultative anaerobes - ndi bakiteriya amene Mlingo ka mpweya mulibe lalikulu kuipa. Poyamba paja munanena kuti magulu ena mabakiteriya Mwachitsanzo, denitrifying, ndi acceptor komaliza ndi nitrate - asafe mankhwala, makutidwe ndi okosijeni a m'mbuyomu.

Kupuma unyolo facultative anaerobes mu zochita othandizira nawo enzyme nitrate reductase, amene amatipatsa elekitironi zoyendera wa ion NO ₃ ^-. mabakiteriya Awa prokaryotes wa genera Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Iwo amakhala amatunga ndi m'nthaka chonyowa. mabakiteriya awa ntchito nitrate mpweya asidi salt monga elekitironi acceptor, onyamula otchedwa "nitrate kupuma".

Udindo wa enzyme mu catabolism mabakiteriya

Kagayidwe tizilombo zofunika ntchito ya dongosolo othandizira ikuchitika, cytochromes anapereka, catalase, flavin michere, peroxidase. Choncho, flavoproteins kusewera membala ntchito polumikiza gawo lapansi ndi tizidutswa mpweya, kenako ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti hydrogen peroxide. Popeza kuti facultative anaerobes - ndi tizilombo kagayidwe amene amapezeka onse pamaso pa O _2, komanso malo mpweya-free, izi mitundu iwiri ya prokaryotes akhoza kuwasiyanitsa. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mitundu mabakiteriya facultative

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - mndandanda mwachilungamo wathunthu wa prokaryotes, kupuma unyolo umene uli pang'ono kapena amadalira kotheratu pamaso pa njira michere mamolekyulu oxygen. Mwachitsanzo, allerotolerantnye oxidizing mabakiteriya lactose, kukhala mu kukhalapo kwa O ₂ koma osati ntchito mu unyolo kupuma. Iwo lithe mphamvu zochita nayonso mphamvu. Other anaerobes optional, mwachitsanzo, yisiti maselo, malingana ndi mipweya ya gawo lapansi ankatha yakubuluka ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu kwa mpweya kupuma.

Cytochromes ndi kufunika mu kagayidwe

Zovuta mapuloteni - proteid pophatikiza heme (chitsulo munali apulasitiki gulu) - ndi cytochromes. Kugwira kupuma ma akanika ndi yisiti ali othandizira ndalama ndi elekitironi acceptors. Iron atomu apulasitiki gulu reversibly kusintha uliri makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwa +2 kuti +3. Zimenezi zimathandiza kunyamula ma elekitironi ku dehydrogenase cytochrome kuti acetaldehyde kapena asidi pyruvic. aerobes Facultative, anaerobes ndi microaerophiles elekitironi acceptors akhoza kuperekedwa ndi tinthu wa carbon dioxide, ayoni wa hydrogen, amino zidulo.

Kutanthauza prokaryotes, anaerobes mu mkombero wa nkhani m'chilengedwe

Ndi zodabwitsa m'zinthu organogenic zinthu zikuluzikulu, mwachitsanzo, asafe zikuchitika mu biosphere lapansi, popanda nawo tizilombo. Popeza facultative anaerobes - kwenikweni denitrifying mabakiteriya, angathe kuchepetsa sungunuka salt nitric asidi dothi kapena N ₂ O kwa ufulu asafe. Denitrification kumachitika kwambiri mwachangu dothi munali ndalama owonjezera madzi ndi nitrogenous feteleza. Chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala ufulu asafe mamolekyulu kamodzinso anabwerera ku mlengalenga ndi kutseka mkombero wa masinthidwe zosiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe.

Probiotics ndi tanthauzo kwa anthu

A mitundu yoposa 500 mabakiteriya zokhala anthu thirakiti m'mimba, malo zofunikira wotanganidwa ndi anaerobes facultative. Ndi oimira Choyamba wa genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, candida. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha iwo lili m'mimba. Iwo mabakiteriya malangizo motility (kayendedwe ka misa chakudya) ndi lithe mavitamini B ndi C. Iwo akugwira nawo ntchito mu chitukuko cha mapuloteni zoteteza - immunoglobulin, ndipo iwo nawonso, kupereka bactericidal zili matumbo. maphunziro Medical asonyeza kuti zili mabakiteriya mu m'matumbo anthu amachepetsa yokhudza ufiti pambuyo matenda opatsirana chifukwa njira yotupa ndi pambuyo mankhwala opha tizilombo.

Kubwezeretsa microflora kapepala kakuti m'mimba ntchito mankhwala - probiotics. Iwo ali zothandiza facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli. Kamodzi m'matumbo munthu, kuonetsetsa ntchito mwake ndi kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha pamwamba. The zambiri ntchito probiotics kuwonedwa mu gastroenterology - ndi "Hilak forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".