Kapangidwe ka maatomu

Atomiki dongosolo chidwi asayansi kale linakhalapo anali atatsimikizira mwasayansi. Ngakhale zaka zambirimbiri zapitazo, Democritus, Greece dzina ndi tchire, anandiuza kuti chinthu chilichonse kumapangika ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Ndipo iye amene poyamba ntchito mawu akuti "atomu". Pambuyo pa imfa yake, panali gulu la Agiriki, amene mamembala anafuna kukhala maganizo ake. Iwo ankatchedwa atomists. maganizo zonsezi anaika Roma Lucretius mu ntchito yake yotchuka "Pa chikhalidwe cha zinthu." Komabe, mu Posachedwapa, mpaka chiyambi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kunalamulidwa ndi malingaliro a wina tchire Greek Aristotle, amene m'gulu anakana zakuti kuli maatomu.

Woyamba amene anapanga pofuna kutsitsimutsa chiphunzitso cha Democritus, Boyle anali munthu wa ku England yemwe kukangana chiphunzitso wake wa "particles indivisible". Iye anabwereza Newton. Komabe, umboni wa sayansi chiphunzitso Dalton, mphunzitsi wa masamu. Pogwira zatsopano ndi mipweya, izo zadziwidwa kuti chiŵerengero cha particles a hydrogen ndi mpweya, zomwe nawo mankhwala anachita, nthawi zonse limafanana ndi chiwerengero ena. Yotsirizira ambiri amaimira chiŵerengero cha nambala yaing'ono. Izi zinathandiza mphunzitsi English a masamu zopanga malamulo ake "Ubale angapo", ndipo kenako - ndipo lamulo la "paubwenzi", potengera zomwe, aliyense pawiri mankhwala, kulemera chiŵerengero cha zipangizo kuyambira yofanana. maphunziro ake anapitiriza Bertselliusom ndi Avogadro.

chakuti kapangidwe ka atomu ndi m'malo zovuta, izo zatsimikiziridwa mwa sayansi zapitazo. Athandiza kutulukira waukulu uwu unapangidwa ndi: Thomson anatsimikizira kukhalako kunyezimira cathode, Skłodowska-Curie ndi mwamuna wake Per Kyuri, anatsegula pa mpweya wa poizoni achilengedwe a zinthu Rezeford, amene anati kukhalapo pakati pa maatomu ndithu mlandu phata ndi kuthekera transmutation yokumba cha mchitidwe ina, Chadwick, kuti azindikire pamaso pa zinthu ndale kapena neutrons. Kapangidwe ka atomu woyamba kwambiri anayamba kuphunzira Thompson, amene anatulukira elekitironi mu 1897. Iye anali wokhoza kuti atsimikizire kuti pali matupi kwambiri tosaoneka. Chifukwa ntchito zake kapangidwe ka atomu anali bwino kwambiri. Anapeza kuti tinthu ikuyimiridwa ndi kugawa ozungulira milandu zabwino, kuchepetsa zoipa kwathunthu. Pakuti ichi atomu chifukwa ndi electrically ndale.

Mu mndandanda wa maphunziro imachitika mwa awa ndi ofufuza ena, anapezeka kuti atomu si thupi homogeneous, ndipo wapangidwa ndi particles monga neutrons, mapulotoni ma elekitironi.

Maatomu purotoni phata mochuluka ndi ma elekitironi mu chigoba chake, mopitirira, chiwerengero cha mapulotoni limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha amafotokozera mu tebulo nthawi. Unyinji wa purotoni ndi nyutironi pafupifupi ofanana. zinthu izi asungidwa mu phata la atomu ndi mphamvu yapadera, amene amatchedwanso nyukiliya; Mphamvu zimenezi ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, koma kuchita kutalika ultrashort, magulu angapo yopambana tinthu repulsion. Kulemera kwa ma elekitironi ndi negligible. Pafupifupi misa lonse la atomu ali ake phata, kapangidwe ka phata la atomu lili neutrons ndi mapulotoni. The katundu wa gawo ili anatsimikiza ndi zigawo zake zikuluzikulu tatchulazi. Mwa ma atomu zimapezeka otchedwa isotonic. particles Awa wa chinthu chomwecho ndi zinthu zosiyana chakuti chiwerengero cha neutrons siyana. chiwerengero cha mapulotoni Komabe, yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka atomu kaboni zambiri amatenga pamaso pa phata ake asanu particles ndithu mlandu ndale asanu - 12 okha, i.e. otchedwa mpweya misa chiwerengero zambiri - 12. Komabe, pali isotopes cha mchitidwe umene chiwerengero cha mapulotoni lolingana stably 6 ndipo chiwerengero cha neutrons siyana.

atomu chipolopolo m'malo dongosolo zovuta. Amakhala subshells osiyana ndi osiyana misinkhu mphamvu, womwe anawagawa milingo boma ndi boma milingo-- pa yozungulira. Recent amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula.