Euphemisms: zitsanzo. Euphemisms mu zamakono Russian

Mawu "euphemism" amachokera ku mawu ovuta Greek, wopangidwa mwa mawu awiri: "zabwino" ndipo "kulankhula". Ndi stylistically mawu ndale kapena mfundo ntchito mwa ife mmalo mwa gulu zinenero zosiyanasiyana, zomwe n'chimodzimodzi, zomwe zikuwoneka wamwano, mosaganizira ena kapena chosayenera wokamba. Euphemisms zitsanzo za zomwe ife azipereka m'nkhani ino, nthawi zambiri amabisa akamanena za chodabwitsa, ndi kuphimba Mwachitsanzo: ntchito mmalo "kufa" - "kufa" m'malo mwa "bodza" - "kulankhula choonadi", m'malo a akuti "kuwonjezeka mtengo," "mtengo liberalization" . Tinganene bomba la atomiki, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "mankhwala".

The osakhalitsa mbiri ya euphemisms

Euphemisms, motsutsana ndi lotanthauzira wamba, ali tcheru kwambiri akuti zochitika zosiyanasiyana anthu monga "chosayenera" kapena "wamakhalidwe". Nchifukwa chake osakhalitsa mbiri ya posungira wa mawu chimene m'badwo wina zikuwoneka dzina euphemistic, izi zikhoza kuonedwa monga yosagwira ndipo mosakayika wamwano, opondereza nayenso euphemistic m'malo. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya mawu French ndi garce fille. Kale, woyamba anali wamkazi yekha ofananira gars, womwenso kwa "mnyamata, mnyamata", ndiye - ndi euphemism mawu akuti "hule," koma anayamba kuzindikira mmene wamwano ndipo m'malo mwa nchito imeneyi, mawu fille (imodzi mwa mfundo), amene nawonso, m'chilankhulo cha French lero sanalinso m'malo ndi ntchito kutukwana. Chotero euphemisms kulankhula wamba m'zinenero zambiri.

A zimachitikanso anati m'mbiri ya zizindikiro za lingaliro ili pakati pa Asilavo. Mwachitsanzo, Russian mawu akuti "hule" (yerekezerani komanso Chibelarusi, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibugariya "hule," Czech kurva, Polish kurwa) ankatanthauza poyambirira "nkhuku", ndipo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati euphemism mawu amwano mkati tanthauzo la akazi mwachisawawa (yerekezerani French cocotte - woyamba " nkhuku "ndi" la ho "). Palinso ofanana ndi euphemisms English.

Kugwirizana kwa njira zina zolankhula

Monga njira periphrastic, tikupanga ndi imodzi pokonza mayina katundu wa chinthu kapena kanthu, iwonso ikukhudzana bwanji ndi njira zina polankhula, makamaka ndi litotes zimene kuwamva monga njira akuti, m'munsi mwa zomwe ndi zoipa awiri ( "osati mwangozi" "nebesspornoy" ) kapena kuchepetsa kukana mu gawo la modus mawu inde ( "ine sindikuganiza kuti inu mukulondola" - cf:. "ine ndikuganiza inu mukulakwitsa"), ndi njira zina - meiosis - njira ya mawu, akamanena za zomwe - mwadala ndikunyoza Institute .. Ensivnosti katundu osiyanasiyana nkhani za kulankhula, njira, zochita, etc. ( "N'zovuta kuitana anzeru" - mkazi wopusa, "Iye akuwombera wokongola bwino" - malangizo abwino).

Kulankhulana ndi nomination ndi

Evfemizatsii ndondomeko ali pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi ena - ndi nomination. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zitatu zimene kuumba anthu kulankhula ntchito (ena awiri - kuwunika ndi predication). Malinga ndi zifukwa chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, maganizo kapena ena amadziwika ndi zovuta kapena ayi konse kudziwika zinthu amafuna euphemistic chikhazikitso. Pezani mayina ndi chifukwa chosowa kuphimba kapena pansi mobwerezabwereza akamanena za zomwe amati chosayenera, omangika mu dera chikhalidwe. Pali, makamaka euphemisms ndale, chitsanzo cha zimene ife kale (m'malo a mawu "kuwonjezeka mitengo," "mtengo liberalization"). Mungapeze anthu ena.

Kulunjika wa euphemisms

Euphemisms zitsanzo za amene ali ambiri, ndi mfundo zawo. Umaonekanso kwenikweni awo zinenero zimene nzika zambiri pansi ndondomeko iyi, malo a ntchito mawu analandira mwa mitundu chuma ndi njira imene iwo analengedwa mu chinenero cha Ziwerengero za zosiyana zoperekedwa ndi kampani ena euphemisms .

Akamanena za euphemism

ndondomeko Evfemizatsii n'kofunika kuti mfundo ili pansipa:

1. Zofunikira kuti wokamba limapanga kulankhula chinthu chotero, ndi umboni mwachindunji amene Tingaone (makamaka addressee kapena malo ochezera) ngati zosayenera, sharpness, roughness, ndi zina zotero. D.
2. Kusankha zizindikiro zimenezi, chotchinga, amabisa akamanena za zodabwitsazi, osati njira pansi nkhope yake. Makamaka bwino zikuoneka chitsanzo cha euphemisms zachipatala yosokoneza semantically, mwachitsanzo, "neoplasm" m'malo mwa mawu akuti "chotupa" kapena ngongole ku zinenero zina (ndi ambiri kotero si bwino kwathunthu) - mawu monga "pediculosis" m'malo Russian "nsabwe", kapena ena euphemisms mu Chirasha zitsanzo za zimene angathe.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu zimadalira zinthu ndi nkhani ya: ndi khalidwe pamalo a zinthu kulankhula ndi kudziletsa wa kulankhula mwini akulankhula wowawa, m'pamenenso Maonekedwe a euphemisms. Tikawonetsetsa zinthu kumene ankalamulira bwino, pali automatism ake okwezeka (pocheza ndi anzanu, abale, ndi zina zotero. N.). Euphemisms zitsanzo za zimene takupatsani akhoza m'malo ndi "mwachindunji" chikhazikitso njira.

zolinga mupezeke euphemisms kulankhula

1. Cholinga chachikulu anathamangitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa kunena - kufuna kupewa mikangano kulankhulana, kulenga zinthu zimene woyimba sadzakhala okayikitsa. Kutsatira izi cholinga euphemisms mu "lililonse limatisokoneza" mawonekedwe, poyerekezera ndi njira zina nomination, wotchedwa kanthu chinthu katundu. Mwachitsanzo, mmalo mwa mawu "wogontha" ntchito "yovuta kumva" osati "akhungu" - "akhungu," mmalo mwa "bodza" kapena "chinyengo" - "sizoona" mawu "oledzera" m'malo mwa "oledzera", "mafuta" - "zonse" ndi zina zotero .. euphemism A tanthauzo zambiri osati movutikira kwambiri chifukwa timachita intuitively, mu milandu amatilola kuti ayankhule popanda nkhawa.
2. Kubisa, ataphimba nyota - Cholinga china chofunika, amene ntchito ndi izi m'malo. Ndi zina kwa anthu opondereza zomwe zakhala Mwachitsanzo, Russia mpaka mapeto a 1980s lapansi. Zitsanzo ophimbidwa euphemistic mawu kubisa zosasangalatsa interlocutor ndi zochita ndiponso mfundo: mmalo mwa mawu "ndende" - "bungwe", "kazitape" - "bwino mafuno abwino", komanso maphunziro ambiri ali mu gawo loyamba la mawu morpheme "spets" (osamuka wapadera, wapadera chimadalira, spetspoliklinika, Special Nthambi, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran ndi ena), "malamulo kapena lamulo la mitengo" (kutanthauza kwenikweni kuwasamalira), "osatchuka miyeso" (ukuwonjezeka msonkho, mwachitsanzo) ndi euphemisms zina. Zitsanzo za mawu ndi zingachititse ena. Mu Russian, awiriawiri awa angapo.
3. Izo siziri milandu onse pamene euphemism ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Tanthauzo la otsiriza, wachitatu, choncho si motero Komabe, n'zotheka ndikulingalira. Euphemisms akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi cholinga kubisa ena kuti wokamba akufuna kudziŵitsa kopita makamaka. Ndithudi, izi "kubisa" ndi wachibale, posakhalitsa zimaonekera makamaka ngati mauthenga ndi ofalitsidwa, ndipo si zili m'makalata a magulu awiri, ndipo adzakhala zigwiritsidwe kutanthauzira womvera kapena owerenga. Mwachitsanzo, Ndi mmene kwa malonda nyuzipepala, mutu umene - dera kuwombola nyumba ( "Ndinali ndi zipinda ziwiri nyumba pa atatu chipinda pangano"), ntchito ( "ankafuna mtsikana popanda maofesi pa malipiro"), etc. Phindu la euphemisms, kotero satero. kuti saganizira.

Muzochitika ndi ulusi evfemizatsii

Kuona mawu akuyankhula za ulemu / mwano, ukali / zauve mawonedwe lolunjika pa malo enieni ndi mitu ya zochita za anthu (komanso ubale pakati pa anthu). Iwo amagwira kale ankaona kuti zotsatirazi:

1. Ena limati thupi ndi njira ( "Khalidwe mphuno" m'malo mwa "kuwomba mphuno yanu," "malaise" (za msambo azimayi), "akuyembekezera mwana" m'malo mwa "mimba" ndi ena.).
2. Zokhudzana ndi "thupi pansi" mbali ya thupi - awa zinthu wotere kuti euphemistic, mosadziwika lakuti awo amaona kulankhula tsiku ndi tsiku okamba kwambiri ngati si yabwino ndithu (mwachitsanzo, slang ndi maina colloquial la mbolo, "ndodo", "zida", "chida "neri Al.).
3. Kubverana amuna ndi akazi, "kukhala mu kukhudzana wapamtima" komanso wamba kuti "kukumana", ndiye kuti "kugonana", etc ...
4. Imfa ndi matenda: mmalo mwa "kudwala" - "chisoni" m'malo mwa "chindoko" - "French chimfine mphuno" mawu "akufa" m'malo mwa "akufa" ndi ena.

Kuti ndi euphemism - lofanana ndi mawu, koma ndi zina mithunzi zamalankhulidwe tanthauzo. Mitu ndi ukulu wa ntchito zawo, monga inu mukuona, achuluka kwambiri.

Euphemisms mu mawu ndi kulankhula

Mu euphemisms malemba, zitsanzo zimene amaonetsa ndi ife nthawi zambiri allocated kudzera makoti ndipo akhoza limodzi ndi ndemanga zosiyanasiyana metalinguistic. wolemba akhoza kuulula mayina ndi kuwatsogolera ku mizere yomweyi. The kulankhula euphemisms komanso kuimira njira ina stylistic. Iwo amakulolani zosiyanasiyana mawu akuyankhula, malinga zosiyanasiyana, chophimba ndipo tibiseni zolinga zawo, ngati n'koyenera, kupewa mikangano kulankhulana zotheka amene angakhalepo mu nomination yomweyo zosiyanasiyana zochita zinthu ndi katundu.

Euphemism anasintha dysphemism

Culture wa kulankhula Russian si ntchito euphemisms. Kupatula izi, pali dysphemism - izo nthabwala kapena mwamwano akuti poyamba ndale mfundo n'cholinga choti yotsirizira tanthauzo zoipa, kapena kungoti ntchito kumapangitsanso expressiveness wa kulankhula. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo ntchito "akufa" mawu "kufa", ndipo mmalo mwa "munthu" - "kuipanikiza" ndi ena.

Dysphemism ndi kakofemizm

Mawu amenewa ntchito zina ponena za mfundo ina - "kakofemizm". ntchito Komabe, simuyenera okha incivility ndi mwano. M'madera chikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, Asian) dysphemism wamba kulankhula m'malo monzama kuti kupewa diso loyipa: akazi, ana kapena zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri, monga kusintha ntchito yodzibisa malire umene ulipo pakati pa kudziletsa manyazi aulemu ndi miyambo.

Takambirana zinthu monga euphemism Myung dysphemism ndi kakofemizm. Iwo kuima zinthu ndi zochitika ntchito kulankhula aliyense wa ife, ife kuchita izo popanda kuganiza. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe kuyitana Chirasha ngati oloŵa m'malo, ndipo adzatha bwino kugwiritsa ntchito iwo.