Estonia chuma: kufotokoza mwachidule

chuma Estonia ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo bwino kwambiri mmene chuma chikuyendera yaing'ono. Pakagwa tsoka, boma wakhala kuchepa zolimbitsa poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena Union, kenako msanga anachira. Today Estonia ndi mmodzi wa anthu olemera, osati m'mayiko osauka.

A History zochepa za chuma Estonia kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri

Kwa nthawi yaitali, chuma cha m'madera, kumene masiku ano Estonia, potengera malonda. Kudzera Tallinn (ndiye mzinda ankatchedwa Reval) ndi Narva zinali zofunika zamalonda polumikiza Russia ndi Ulaya. Narva Mtsinje liaised ndi Novgorod, Moscow ndi Pskov. Komanso, Zapakati, Estonia ndi katundu lalikulu mbewu tirigu maiko Masewerera a Nordic. The mafakitale ena kumabungwe (makamaka matabwa ndi migodi mafakitale) anayamba pamaso pa inalowa la Estonia ku Russian Ufumu.

Estonia Economy ndi Russia anayamba molumikizana ndi nthawi pamene chidwi cha Russian Ufumu Nyanja Baltic akukumana ndi zinthu Swedish. Inalowa ku Russian Ufumu, m'dera la Estonia ano, amene anapanga Revel ndi Livonia, komanso zikamera wa likulu latsopano (St. Petersburg) kuchepetsa kufunika malonda Tallinn ndi Narva. Zabwino yaikulu chuma cha dziko anali kusintha agrarian cha 1849, kenako analola kuti kugulitsa kapena pangano dziko Amaya. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX eni kapena anyantchoche a m'dzikolo anali pafupifupi 50% ya alimi mu dera la kumpoto kwa dziko ndi 80% kum'mwera ndi pakati pa masiku ano Estonia.

Mu 1897, oposa theka la anthu (65%) anali kupatsidwa ntchito gawo la ulimi, 14% ntchito mu gawo mafakitale ndi nambalayi anali kuchita malonda kapena ntchito mu gawo utumiki. Aluntha, chuma ndi ndale osankhika a anthu Estonia anali Baltic German ndipo Russian, ngakhale chiwerengero cha Estonians mu zikuchokera dziko anali ndi zaka 90%.

Masitepe oyamba wodzilamulira mu chuma

Chuma Estonia wadutsa mayeso oyamba kuti n'kutheka kuti malamulo mphamvu mkati boma 1920s wa - 1930s. ufulu wa boma anapanga kofunika kuyang'ana misika yatsopano, kugwiritsa kukonza (ndi mavuto a zachuma panthawi imeneyo zinali zokwanira), kuganizira momwe zachilengedwe ntchito. The ndondomeko yatsopano zachuma, kuyamba ndi ndiye nduna ya boma la Estonia chuma Otto Strandman, anali umalimbana chitukuko cha makampani, lolunjika pa msika zoweta, ndi ulimi umalimbana katundu.

Independent chitukuko cha dziko la chuma chinathandiza zinthu zotsatirazi:

• zaphindu malo lawolawo;
• inakhazikitsidwa pa Russian dongosolo Ufumu kupanga;
• otukuka zopezera njanji kuti pogwirizanitsa msika zoweta;
• thandizo la ndalama kuchokera Soviet Russia kuchuluka kwa rubles 15 miliyoni mu golide ofanana.

Komabe, panali ndithu mavuto angapo:

• lonse la zipangizo ku mafakitale ndi anasamutsidwa panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri;
• kusokoneza asapita zachuma, dziko wataya msika mu East;
• US anasiya kupereka chakudya Estonia chifukwa cha Tartu Mtendere;
• Estonia wabwerera nzika oposa 37 zikwi amene ankafuna nyumba ndiponso ntchito.

Chuma cha boma la Estonia Soviet Socialist Republic

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za chuma Estonia mu USSR akuyamba kuwerenga awononga chifukwa cha ntchito zankhondo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Mu ulamuliro wa German 50% ya kunyumba zogona ndi 45% mwa makampani mafakitale anawonongedwa mu dziko. The kuwonongeka okwana pafupifupi biliyoni 16 rubles mitengo chisanadze nkhondo.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Estonia anali malo oyamba mu mtengo wa ndalama pa munthu mwa mayiko onse Soviet. Chuma Estonia waperekedwa mu zaka:

1. Industrial zovuta. Yopangidwa monga migodi (izo ncho mafuta shale, phosphorite, ndi peat) komanso kupanga. ndi gawo lotsiriza m'gulu zomangamanga, processing zitsulo, mankhwala, nsalu ndi chakudya makampani.
2. Mphamvu. Ndi mu Estonia yoyamba gazoslantsevy zomera dziko inamangidwa, ndipo m'tsogolo, ndi akuluakulu a dziko lapansi hydropower zomera shales lapansi. Mphamvu zovuta kwathunthu amapereka zosowa za Republic n'kulola kusamutsa gawo la mphamvu la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa USSR.
3. The gawo ulimi. Estonia ulimi mu zaka Soviet Union makamaka mkaka ndi ng'ombe ng'ombe ndi nkhumba. Pulogalamu ya ubweya ulimi, njuchi kusunga, ulimi nkhuku. Ndithu luso, forage ndi mbewu.
4. dongosolo Transport. Kuyambira masiku a Russian Ufumu akanali chitukuko cha maukonde sitima ku dziko. Komanso, kukhala msewu ndi zoyendera nyanja.

Kubwezeretsa ufulu ndi chuma kusintha

Pa kubwezeretsa ufulu chuma Estonia a amakhala ndi kusintha mwachidule. Yotsirizira akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: liberalization, structural ndi m'maphunziro kusintha kubwerera kwa katundu nationalized kwa eni ake oyenera, ndi olimba. Gawo loyamba la kusintha anali yodziwika ndi kusintha kwa mitengo lamulo okha magetsi, Kutentha ndi nyumba pagulu.

A vuto lalikulu mkulu kufufuma. Mu 1991, zimakwana anali 200%, ndi 1992-Mu ananyamuka 1076%. Ndalama, omwe anali mu rubles, mofulumira depreciated. Monga mbali ya malamulo atsopano a zachuma komanso unachitikira kubwereranso nationalized eni chuma. Pofika m'ma 1990s, ndondomeko wamba anali pafupifupi onse. Pa nthawi yomweyo Estonia linali limodzi la mayiko yoyamba padziko lonse kuti ayamba lathyathyathya dongosolo msonkho.

Jobs ndi kutsegula Estonia maulendo zoyendera kuonetsetsa malonda ndi polumikizira katundu kuchokera la Russia. Pa misonkhano polumikizira zoyendera nkhani 14% ya mankhwala aakulu m'banja. Ambiri mwa Estonia boma bajeti (60%) chinapangidwa likuvutika polumikizira Russian.

zachuma pambuyo inalowa Estonia kwa EU

The Estonia chuma pambuyo kugwirizana EU ali kusanduka m'njira zabwino. Dziko ndi kukopa ndalama zofunika kwambiri za ndalama zakunja. Ndi 2007, Estonia anali lili pa nambala woyamba mwa mayiko Union ya GDP pa munthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zizindikiro za "kutenthedwa" zinayamba kutuluka mu chuma: ziziyenda mlingo wa kufufuma kumka, ndi kuchepekedwa malonda chinawonjezeka ndi 11%, ndipo panali otchedwa mtengo kuwira mu msika nyumba. Choncho, kukula zachuma anayamba kutha.

Kutha kwa chuma pakati pa mavuto azachuma padziko lonse

zolakwikazo kugwirizana ndi mavuto azachuma, nawonekera pa chuma Estonia. Industrial kupanga anagwa mu 2008, kuchepekedwa bajeti kwa nthawi yoyamba anavomereza, ndi GDP anagwa zitatu ndi theka peresenti. Komabe, kuchepetsa 43% mu magalimoto njanji kuti 8.3% adakula kufufuma utachepa kufunika zoweta ndi utachepa imports.

Studies wochitidwa ndi gulu la ntchito ya University of Tartu, anasonyeza kuti chuma Estonia kusiyana malinga ndi nkhani Greek. M'dziko lolamuliridwa ndi malonda ndi hotelo misonkhano, komanso kumanga ang'ono-ang'ono, osati mafakitale, intermediation ndalama ndi ntchito malonda mkulu-yotsiriza. vutoli inalili chuma Estonia, amene chidakupangitsani akulankhula za kugwa kwa alipo chitsanzo chitukuko.

Kapangidwe panopa chuma Estonia

Chuma Estonia zalongosoledwa mwachidule nthambi zotsatirazi:

1. Makampani (29%). Mwakhama osauka mankhwala, kupanga, zamkati ndi pepala, mafuta, mphamvu, makina zomangamanga. A gawo yaikulu ya GDP ndi kumanga ndi malo.
2. Agriculture (3%). The nthambi zikuluzikulu la nchito za ulimi ndi nyama ndi mkaka ng'ombe, nkhumba. Agriculture makamaka zikugwira kulima chakudya ndi mbewu mafakitale. Akufotokozera kusodza.
3. Services (69%). Kwafalikira mu Estonia akukumana ndi ntchito zokopa alendo, makamaka mankhwala. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kwambiri chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha zikawonongeka IT-makampani. Mbali yofunika ya chuma ndi polumikizira kudzera m'dera la boma - ichi ndi chifukwa udindo wa Estonia mu chuma padziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani kupita 75% ya magalimoto njanji.

mbali Regional za cuma

chuma Estonia ali omwazikana mwachirengedwe. Choncho, mu gawo kumpoto kum'mawa kwa gawo boma anayamba kupanga, dera opangidwa firii kotala ya katundu chopangidwa. Waukulu mafakitale malo dziko ndi pozinga Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. Kum'mwera Estonia chimagwiritsidwa anayamba ulimi, ndipo dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko wofanana ndi nsomba otukuka, ndi chitukuko cha nyama husbandry ndi zokopa alendo.

Finance mabanki ndi ngongole kunja boma

Ndalama boma ndi yuro mu Estonia, kusintha kwa ndalama European ndi kroon kuimaliza kukonza kuchiyambi 2011. Chapakati ntchito banki mu dziko amakwaniritsa European Bank chapakati ndi ulamuliro dziko aziyang'anira, ndi Bank of Estonia. Ntchito za yamasika kukwaniritsa zofuna a anthu ndalama, komanso kuonetsetsa kudalirika ndi mtendere wa dongosolo banki lonse.

khumi mabanki malonda kugwira ntchito mu Estonia. Pankhaniyi, kuposa kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za chuma chuma zimatsatira osewera awiri akuluakulu a msika chuma - ndi Swedish Swedbank ndi SEB banki. Khola chitukuko chuma dziko limachititsa kukuza ukulu wa banki kukongoza.

Public ngongole kunja Estonia ndi otsika pakati pa mayiko a European Union, mlandu 10% ya mankhwala aakulu zoweta monga cha 2012. Cha m'ma nineties chithunzi anali pafupifupi theka la GDP, ndi 2010 anafika 120% ya mankhwala aakulu m'banja. Anthu oposa theka la ngongole ndi ngongole ndalama mabungwe ngongole.

Kapangidwe ka makampani dziko lachilendo malonda

abwenzi waukulu malonda Estonia ndi anansi kumpoto, komanso Russia ndi European Union. Magulu waukulu wa malonda m'mayiko ena feteleza mchere, utsi ndi lubricants, katundu chopangidwa, makina ndi zipangizo, osiyanasiyana yomalizidwa mankhwala.

Ndalama za anthu, ntchito ndi anthu ogwira

The gawo lalikulu kwambiri pa anthu Estonia (67%) ndi wamphamvu nzika - sikuti amadwala kupanda anthu oti ano Estonia. Economy anapereka anthu oti Komabe, ambiri mlingo ulova 6%, womwe ndi pafupifupi. Mu ola limodzi (pa ntchito maziko paola), adokotala akhoza pang'ono kuposa naini mayuro, anamwino - zisanu mayuro, anamwino, nannies ndi anamwino - mayuro atatu. Malipiro pafupifupi pamaso msonkho anafika mayuro 1.105. Malipiro osachepera ndi wofanana mayuro 470 pamwezi.