Dizilo GOST 305-82. Kaperekedwe dizilo malinga GOST

Khalidwe la injini ndi lonse dongosolo mafuta si m'chaching'ono bwanji katundu wa mafuta. Today, opanga kupereka Russian GOST 305-82 ndi dizilo mafuta. muyezo National anayamba mu 1982, kale akale, ngakhale, ndi mafuta lenilenilo, limene kufikira posachedwapa zinalengedwa.

GOST 305-82

Analengedwa mu Soviet Union, lamulo limeneli, amene nthawi yopanga dizilo, ndi Interstate. Iwo limanenedwa ngati mmene luso la ulimi ndi makhalidwe a mafuta, amene anafuna magalimoto, makina mafakitale ndi zombo ndi injini dizilo mkulu-liwiro.

Modern mafuta opangidwa ndi mfundo mayiko a ku Ulaya, ali pafupifupi kuimirira ku mafuta msika dizilo kupanga amene ntchito GOST akale. Dizilo EURO kupatula kuti ali ndi ntchito apamwamba kwambiri, koma ndi angapeze kwambiri.

Komabe, lero ankaona (osachepera positi) kuti mafuta, sipangakhalenso analoledwa ntchito zina zosiyanasiyana ali ndi ubwino chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana ndi osiyanasiyana kutentha ntchito.

dera ntchito

Dizilo mafuta (GOST 305-82) anagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka posachedwapa usilikali, makina ulimi zombo dizilo ndi katundu akale magalimoto chitsanzo.

mafuta ntchito Kutentha nyumba otsika ili kutali Kutentha chapakati. Kuphatikiza zotchipa komanso zopatsa mphamvu zokwanira kumupulumutsa mtengo wa yokonza nyumba.

Chifukwa m'mbuyomu? 1982 State Standard chaka m'malo ndi GOST 305-2013, amene anadza kugwira ntchito ku January 2015. Ndipo ananena momveka bwino kuti dizilo GOST 305-2013 sangathe anazindikira mwa malo kudzazidwa anthu ndi lakonzedwa kuti mkulu-liwiro ndi chopangira mphamvu injini , onse m'dzikoli ndi mayiko a Soviet Customs (Kazakhstan ndi Belarus).

Ubwino waukulu

Choncho, mwayi waukulu - ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ndi opaleshoni kutentha. Komanso, ubwino wokalamba dizilo kuganizira yokhulupirika ntchito, zatsimikiziridwa kwa zaka zambiri; Kuthekera yosungirako yaitali popanda chatsika ntchito; kuonjezera injini mphamvu.

Dizilo GOST 305-82 mosavuta osasankhidwa, lili pang'ono mankhwala sulfure ndi sichichititsa mbali ya injini.

Ubwino angatsutse ya dizilo ndi mtengo wake otsika poyerekeza ndi zina utsi madzi.

The drawback chachikulu

The drawback chachikulu cha mafuta, chifukwa cha zomwe Ndipotu okha ntchito ndi onyozeka zachilengedwe. Dizilo GOST 305-82 (2013) ali wa K2 kalasi. Ndipo lero pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia akuletsedwa kuti aziyenda ngakhale utsi zachilengedwe kalasi K3 ndi K4.

mtundu dizilo

Old Standard amakhazikitsa atatu mafuta yatsopano chomwecho - anayi. Komanso angapo kutentha ranges osiyana ntchito ndi ntchito.

Magawo (GOST) mafuta yotentha dizilo (A) opaleshoni kutentha - kuchokera opanda 5 ° C, mfundo kung'anima kwa injini dizilo mwawamba cholinga - 40 ° C, chifukwa turbines mpweya, m'madzi ndi dizilo - 62 ° C.

Yemweyo pophulikira pa mafuta nyengo yopuma (E), zomwe kuyamba kutentha zikugwira ntchito kwa opanda 15 ° C.

Kupulumutsa mafuta (B) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwa opanda 35 ° C ndi opanda 25 ° C. Ndipo ngati mfundo za 1982 goda zikugwira ntchito kutentha anatsimikiza ndi kutsanulira mfundo ya mafuta, chikalata latsopano amatanthauza kutentha kusefera - -35 ° C ndi -25 ° C motero.

Arctic (A) monga GOST mafuta 305-82 dizilo angagwiritsidwe ntchito, popeza kutentha kwa opanda 50 ° C. Chikalata malire latsopanoli analeredwa ndi madigiri asanu, wotchedwa kale analimbikitsa kutentha 45 ° C ndi pamwamba.

mitundu ya dizilo

Gasoil GOST 52368-2005 (EURO) akufufuta okhutira misa sulfa m'magawo mitundu itatu:

• Ine - 350 mg wa;
• II - 50 mg;
• III - mg ndi 10 pa makilogalamu mafuta.

Mu GOST 305-82 dizilo, malingana ndi kuchuluka sulfure lagawidwa mitundu:

• Ine - utsi wa onse sukulu, limene chiwerengero cha sulfure si oposa 0.2%;
• II - dizilo ndi okhutira sulfure kwa sukulu A & B - 0.5%, ndi kwa mtundu A - 0.4%.

The GOST latsopano 305-2013, kuyandikira mfundo lonse, ukugawa mafuta mu mitundu iwiri zili sulfure, kaya mtundu. Ndikunena za mafuta mawonekedwe Ine ndi okhutira sulfure wa 2.0 ga, ndi maonekedwe II - 500 mg pa kilogalamu wa mafuta.

Ngakhale mawonekedwe II lili sulfure ndi theka nthawi wamkulu kuposa mafuta mitundu Ine, mogwirizana ndi mfundo lonse.

A wambirimbiri sulfure - zoipa mpweya m'mlengalenga, koma lubricating katundu wabwino wa mafuta mu ndondomekoyi.

zizindikiro

Mu GOST 305-82 mafuta zaikidwa likulu kalata, G kapena A (chilimwe, yozizira kapena kozizira motero), misa nusu ya sulfure, pophulikira yotentha ndi mafuta yozizira kutsanulira mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, Z-0,5 opanda 45. kalasi apamwamba, kapena popanda poyamba amakhala ndi khalidwe la mafuta ndi kutchulidwa satifiketi phwando.

Dizilo mafuta (GOST P 52368-2005) amalembedwa makalata Deuteronomo ndi chinaneneratu kalasi kapena kalasi malingana ndi kutentha filterability ndi Chifunga, komanso mtundu mafuta Ine, II kapena III.

Pakuti Soviet Customs pali chikalata nthawi zofunika mafuta, kuphatikizapo chizindikiro chawo. Pamafunikanso lettering Deuteronomo, chizindikiro (A, G, E kapena A) ndi ku chilengedwe chinthu K2 kuti K5 kusonyeza zili sulfure.

Popeza kwambiri zikalata, mfundo kalasi ali osiyana, ndi makhalidwe mwachindunji mwatsatanetsatane mu Quality Certificate, si zachilendo mtundu akuti "Sale ya dizilo chitoliro grade 1 GOST 30582005". Ie magawo ndi mafuta onse khalidwe kukumana mfundo imeneyi, koma zili sulfure.

Main makhalidwe a dizilo

Magawo zofunika kwambiri opaleshoni zomwe zimaonetsa dizilo GOST 305-82 (2013) ndi: cetane nambala fractional zikuchokera, kachulukidwe, kukhuthala, makhalidwe kutentha, ndi tuzigawo twa misa zosafunika zosiyanasiyana.

chiwerengero Cetane amadziwika ignitability mafuta. The apamwamba zigoli, nthawi zochepa amapatsirana jekeseni mafuta mu yamphamvu ntchito isanafike kuyaka ake, motero wamfupi nthawi ya injini warmup.

Izo zimatengera zikuchokera fractional wa dzuwa kuyaka ndi kawopsedwe mpweya wa utsi. Mu distillation wa dizilo chili nthawi okwana zo-kuchokera kuchuluka kwa mafuta (ngati 95% 50%). M'pamenenso ndi mikangano zikuchokera mu kutentha osiyanasiyana kuchepera pamwamba pakhomo m'munsi kuwira, choncho autoignition amapezeka pasanafike mafuta mu chipinda kuyaka.

Kachulukidwe ndi kukhuthala bwanji mafuta okwanira ndi njira jekeseni, ndi dzuwa ake kusefera.

Zosafunika bwanji injini avale, kukana dzimbiri a dongosolo mafuta, pakutchulidwa wa moto m'menemo zolengeza.

Reserve filterability kutentha - izo amenewa kutentha otsika pa zimene mafuta unakhuthala oyima likuyenderera mu sefa ndi maselo a makulidwe ena. Wina kutentha chizindikiro - mtambo mfundo kutentha pa zimene sera akuyamba kuwumitsa, i.e. dizilo amakhala mitambo.

Zofunika GOST 305-2013 waika kwa zopangidwa onse a yemweyo: kwa cetane chiwerengero, kachigawo Unyinji wa sulfure, acidity, chiwerengero ayodini, phulusa, coking, kuipitsidwa, zili madzi. Kusiyanaku ikukhudzana makhalidwe kutentha, ndi kukhuthala ndi kachulukidwe mafuta. Mu GOST 305-82 anali akadali kusiyana ndi coking.

Luso zofunika dizilo

Choncho, cetane nambala onse sukulu ya mafuta wofanana 45, okhutira sulfure - kaya 2.0 ga kapena 500 mg pa kg. Izi ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri amakhala mafuta.

osalimba a dizilo malinga GOST zimasiyanasiyana makilogalamu 863,4 / Cu. mamita nkhuni sukulu A ndi E kuti makilogalamu 833,5 / Cu. mamita kwa kalasi A, ndi kinematic kukhuthala - kuchokera 3.0-6.0 sq. mamilimita / s kwa 1.5-4.0 sq. mamilimita / s, motero.

Fractional zikuchokera amakhala ndi osiyanasiyana kutentha kwa 280 ° C kwa 360 ° C kwa onse sukulu ya mafuta, kupatulapo Arctic, amene otentha nyengo mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 255 ° C kwa 360 ° C.

Makhalidwe (latsopano GOST) yotentha dizilo musati amasiyana makhalidwe a mafuta nyengo yopuma, kupatula filterability malire kutentha.

Low kung'anima yozizira mafuta injini dizilo, ambiri cholinga - 30 ° C, chifukwa turbines mpweya, m'madzi ndi dizilo - 40 ° C akumpotowa - 30 ° C ndi 35 ° C motero.

Kusiyana dizilo GOST 305-82 (2013) ndi Yuro

Back mu 1993, a European mfundo khalidwe anapereka cetane chiwerengero si chozama kupitirira 49. patatha zaka zisanu ndi muyezo umene amasonyeza makhalidwe luso mafuta EURO 3, anapereka magawo molimbira. chiwerengero Cetane akhale oposa 51, kachigawo Unyinji wa sulfure - zosakwana 0,035%, ndi osalimba - osachepera 845 makilogalamu / Cu. m. The miyezo kuti omangika mu 2005, ndipo lero pali mayiko, unakhazikitsidwa mu 2009.

Lero, RF amapangidwa dizilo GOST 52368-2005 ndi chiwerengero cetane kuposa 51 okhutira sulfure wa zosakwana 10 mg / kg, ndi flashpoint ya 55 ° C, kachulukidwe mu uthunthu wa makilogalamu 820 kwa 845 / Cu. mamita ndi filterability kutentha kwa opanda 5 kuphatikiza 20 ° C.

Ngakhale Poyerekeza miyezo iwiri yoyambirira, n'zotheka kunena kuti sanali kugwilizana ndi GOST 305-2013 dizilo amafuna ano zachilengedwe.

amafuna chitetezo

Chifukwa dizilo - madzi flammable, ndi kukhwimitsa chitetezo nkhawa, Choyamba, kuteteza ndi moto. Pamafunika okha 3% ya nthunzi okwana mu mlengalenga mu chipinda kuti tifulumizane inaphulika. Choncho, mkulu zofunika wosindikiza zida ndi zida. Kutetezedwa athamangadi Kulumikizana ndi kuyatsa mindandanda yamasewera, zipangizo ntchito okhawo amene sanadulidwe ngakhale mwangozi muyambe.

Zofunika kwa zoletsedwa ndi malamulo chitetezo ndi zikhalidwe za kusungiramo dizilo malinga GOST 305-82 (2013) ndi kuwerenga kutentha pa luso kuwotcha.

Mark mafuta	Autoignition Kutentha, ° C	Kutentha malire poyatsira, ° C
		pamwamba	m'munsi
Chilimwe, nyengo yopuma	300	119	69
yozizira	310	105	62
Arctic	330	100	57

Koma makamaka chofunika miyeso chitetezo ndi zinthu kutentha m'malo yosungirako yaitali zikwi matani dizilo, mwachitsanzo zomera mphamvu.

Zofunika kwa zomera mphamvu dizilo

Dizilo zomera mphamvu lero ntchito mafuta monga GOST 305-82. Zipangizo izi ya onse kupanga zoweta ndi achilendo.

opanga okhonda musati amalangiza, koma musati kuletsa ntchito ya dizilo GOST 305-82 (2013) ndi mkulu zili sulfure wa 0,5% ndi 0.4%.

Mwachitsanzo, kampani FGWilson akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kalasi apamwamba woyamba wa zonse sukulu ya mafuta ndi chiwerengero cetane wa 45, okhutira sulfure wa osapitirira 0.2%, madzi ndi zowonjezera - 0,05%, ndi osalimba a 0,835 - 0,855 makilogalamu / mita kiyubiki. DM. makhalidwe amenewa akufanana ndi mtundu mafuta Ine GOST 305-82 (2013).

Mgwirizanowo ntchito yobweretsa dizilo kwa amagetsi chofunika mwachindunji physico-mankhwala ake katundu: cetane chiwerengero, kachulukidwe, kukhuthala, pophulikira, zili sulfure, zili phulusa. zosafunika makina ndi madzi saloledwa konse.

Kuonanso ubwino wa mafuta anaperekedwa ndi makalata tingachidziwe anapereka boma malire muyezo kudziwa zili zosafunika osafunika ndi flashpoint. Ngati zida malfunctions zimachitika ndi mbali awo intensively olema, anatsimikiza ndi magawo ena.

GOST 305-82 lotha ndipo m'malo mwake, koma chikalata watsopano, amene anadza mu mphamvu kuyambira chiyambi cha 2015, osati zambiri zasintha zofunika injini dizilo mkulu-liwiro. Mwina tsiku lina mafuta analetsa ntchito wamba, koma lero iwo ntchito ngati zomera mphamvu ndi sitima dizilo, galimoto lalikulu la asilikali ndi magalimoto malonda, zomwe paki lili kuyambira m'masiku a Soviet Union.