Control cha kuwonongeka kwa nthaka: njira instrutsii

Nthaka ndi chofunika kwambiri biosphere lapansi. Popanda izo, sizingatheke padziko lapansi. nthaka zonse anthropogenic chikoka. Chaka chilichonse wa mumlengalenga kupeza matani mazana a zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana. Izi mpweya utsi ndi mpweya zomera mafakitale. Kamodzi m'nthaka, Mankhwala oipitsa ndi linakwiriridwa. Ena a iwo ndi njira za kusamuka mbiri ndi kugwera m'madzi. Mwapamwamba ngozi zachilengedwe zonyamula dioxides ndi zitsulo, oyaka organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala, ndipo phenols.

Chivundikiro nthaka ndi lakuya kwachilengedwenso. Ndiponso, amatha n'chongoletsa ndi kuwononga zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, pa woipa mkulu wa poizoni ali nako biosphere kugwirizana kulephera. kukhudzana zingachititse kuti chisokonezo ya kayimbidwe yofunika lathuli.

mitundu ya kuipitsa

Pa zochitika zina, kuwonjezera ndende zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumachitika mu nthaka. Ngati chithunzi ichi kuposa malire a mlingo pazipita chovomerezeka, ndiye izo zidzakhala kulankhula za kuipitsa. Pamaso pa zodabwitsazi akhoza ananena pa nkhani ya kukhalapo mu nthaka ya chiwerengero cha zinthu si yeniyeni ndi akufotokozera Category zoipa.

kuipitsidwa nthaka zimagawidwa amakhala zisanu ndi chimodzi. Aliyense wa iwo zimaonetsa kuchepetsa kukula kwa zokolola za topsoil, komanso kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazomera umatulutsa.

Ntaka angakhalire oipa:

- akuyamwitsa miyala ndi lotayako, mpweya ndi zinyalala;

- lolemera zitsulo;

- mankhwala;

- mycotoxins;

- nyukiliya zinthu.

Magwero a kuipitsidwa nthaka

Pa "Thanzi" a chigawo ichi chofunikira cha biosphere ali kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi zochita za anthu. The chifukwa cha chitukuko cha patsogolo sayansi ndi kuipitsidwa kwambiri dothi ndi magwero a kuipitsa ake - yopasuka makamaka mafakitale kuwonekera kupanga zitsulo sanali akakhala ndi akakhala, komanso mankhwala osiyanasiyana organic, zochita kupanga umagwirira mankhwala, etc. Mbali yaikulu amaipitsa malo okhala ndi mpweya .. kuti m'mlengalenga. Kuyambira utsi mafakitale anamasulidwa mu mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka phulusa ndi mwaye, mpweya monoxide ndi woipa sulfure, ku feteleza, sulfates ndi monga D..

Control cha kuwonongeka kwa dothi ndi akusonyeza kuti chikhalidwe chawo m'mavuto osiyanasiyana zinyalala zamakono, ndiwo mankhwala, ntchito mkombero kupanga. zikuchokera awo ndi kuchuluka zosiyana. Komabe, monga ulamuliro, osiyanasiyana chimasanduka, mndandanda wa zomwe yekha zoyendera ndi mabizinezi mafakitale mayina oposa mazana awiri.

.. The magwero a kuipitsa pa nkhani ya kupanga mankhwala apamwamba maselo - solvents, monomers, catalysts, colorants, stabilizers, etc. "Health" m'nthaka ndi mankhwala okha amatenga dera lino: mapulasitiki, labala, utoto, etc ...

Palibe yaing'ono muyeso kuipitsa m'zigawo ndi kuyenga mafuta. zinthu zachilengedwe kufalikira mowirikiza, zikubweretsa amenewa nthaka. Kuipitsidwa kumachitika kwa mafuta kuyaka m'minda kugwirizana.

zitsulo Non-akakhala ndi katundu mu chilengedwe chifukwa cha mpweya makampani amenewa:

- chitsulo ndi zitsulo;

- Mawotchi Engineering;

- zokhomakhoma;

- petrochemical, mankhwala, zamkati ndi mapepala, matabwa ndi mafakitale zina zambiri.

Control cha kuwonongeka kwa nthaka kunapangitsa kuti anthu amvetse mfundo yakuti chifukwa cha mankhwala ndi tizilombo ndiponso mankhwala minda, komanso umuna kumachitika poizoni zigawo zachonde za mchitidwe makamaka poizoni - Arsenic. Thunthu lomwelo mu chilengedwe chifukwa cha ulimi wa galasi, inki, wothandizila khungu, fungicides, ndi rodenticides.

zinthu Environmental worsens kwambiri mu mwambo ngozi zapamsewu ndi mapaipi yonyamula zochita kupanga ndi zinthu organic, komanso zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Nthaka ulamuliro kuipitsa walola kuti tipeze chakuti gwero kwambiri zinthu zoipa ndi malo osungira ndi chiwonongeko cha mafakitale, mankhwala ndi zinyalala m'nyumba. A kungasokoneze chilengedwe ndi kusunga zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu poizoni.

Kufunika kuyan'ana "Thanzi" nthaka

Atmospheric mpweya ndi nthawi kudziletsa kuyeretsa pamwamba madzi Mankhwala oipitsa. nthaka ali nambalayi wa Yesu wonena za. Iwo amasonkhana zigawo zoipa ndipo sangathe kuyeretsa iwo kwathunthu. Kwambiri kuchuluka kwa poizoni kumabweretsa kunyoza chivundikiro dziko ndi mapangidwe otchedwa opangidwa chipululu. Izi zimapangitsa kuenjezera kuwononga chilengedwe ndi mavuto aakulu chifukwa cha onyamula kuopseza mwachindunji ku thanzi la munthu. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi chofunika ulamuliro kuipitsa nthaka, cholinga chimene ndi kudziwa ndi kupewa mavuto obwera pa biosphere lapansi.

Mavuto zamakono

Today nkhani ya mogwirizana anthu ndi chilengedwe kwambiri kuunikira anthu. Palibe kukaika kuti vuto makamaka pachimake cha kudetsedwa nthaka kutengera ndi njira yothetsera ake ci- khalidwe la anthu okhala padziko lathuli.

nkhani Environmental ayenera kupeza chinyezimiro mu anthu. Izi kukhala Mwachangu ndi ukhondo wa chilengedwe, ozoni, ndi zina bioturnover zinthu. D.

Ikuchitika ulamuliro kuipitsa nthaka limasonyeza kuti pali kusintha zili kufufuza zinthu. Zimenezi ziyenera kuti thanzi la munthu, zikubweretsa kusokonezeka kwa njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi lake ndi kuchititsa matenda kuderako khalidwe m'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu carcinogenic mu nthaka chifukwa cha mpweya, chifukwa matenda neoplastic.

njira kusinthika ndi kusamala nthaka

Pofuna kupeza Mankhwala oipitsa ntchito akasinja septic ndi kusunga. nyumba izi kulola ntchito njira poizoni kutanthauzira, zomwe zingakhudzire chilengedwe. Komabe, ulamuliro kuipitsa nthaka likutsimikizira kuti njira yabwino kuthana zoipa zosakaniza thanzi lathu ndi Kupha kwawo. mankhwala poizoni akhoza kuwataya mwachindunji mu malo osungira awo. Pakuti njira imeneyi ntchito monga moto chimasanduka, kuchotsa zoipitsa, osiyanasiyana mchere kusamba nthaka njira. Zikatero, pamene mankhwala poizoni ndi zinthu organic njira kwachilengedwenso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mankhwala oipitsa nthawi zina anatengedwa mu mwapadera analengedwera processing ndi neutralization mfundo zawo.

Ikani kuwayang'anira

maphunziro thanzi nthaka imachitika m'madera akumidzi. Iwo zifunika ndi m'madera pafupi ndi mizinda ndi mabizinezi mafakitale. Komanso chapadera kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wa kuwononga nthaka, opangidwa pa mlingo maziko. Izo zimanyezimiritsa deta pa kuwononga mlengalenga, monga Motero, - nthaka.

Mfundo yaikulu ya miyeso ulamuliro

nthaka zofufuza mu zone gawo lotetezedwa la ogwira ntchito iliyonse cholinga kudziwa makhalidwe a kukha pazipita chovomerezeka ndi mpweya. kulamulira ndi zofunika chitetezo nthaka monga kuipitsa ndipo fufuzani pamaso pa zinthu carcinogenic. pamaso pawo anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo kwa benzopyrene. Izi chinanena mu IEC 17.4.2.01-81.

Mu malamulo panopa, ulamuliro wa kuipitsidwa nthaka m'madera kusangalala, kindergartens ndi mabungwe mankhwala ikuchitika osachepera kawiri pa chaka - mu kasupe ndi yophukira. Malinga ndi malamulo a ziwembu alendo chitsanzo pafupi mabizinezi mafakitale apatsidwe chizindikiro pamodzi vekitala mphepo alipo ananyamuka.

m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana a malangizo kampani kwa polojekiti boma la nthaka, kugwiritsidwa pa mabizinezi a makampani. Choncho, Minneftegazprom anayamba ayamikira pa mabacteria chitetezo, m'malo kupanga mafuta. Iwo amapereka ulamuliro mosalekeza kuipitsidwa, ndipo fotokozani ntchito zomwe zifunika kuchita zinthu zosiyana mwadzidzidzi.

njira kulamulira

Pofuna kudziwa kuipitsidwa kwa phunziro m'dera zitsanzo zosankhidwazi zokolola nthaka. Malangizo kwa ulamuliro wa kuipitsidwa nthaka, amene angapezeke malangizo mwapadera, zikusonyeza kufunika kwa mankhwala kusanthula awo. Iwo adzalola kudziwa pazipita chovomerezeka ndende ya poizoni. Ndi okwanira bwino ntchito mozungulira njira kulamulira kuipitsidwa nthaka. mndandanda lawo kumaphatikizapo:

- kusanthula khalidwe ndi kugawa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo, zomera ndi invertebrates, amene zizindikiro za "Thanzi" a wosanjikiza dothi;

- zowoneka analandira ziyenera phytogenesis.

nthaka kuipitsidwa ulamuliro

Radionuclides kukhala yaitali theka moyo, kugwa pansi kuchokera kunja, mumlengalenga, iwo amasonkhana zigawo chapamwamba. vuto ili kuipitsidwa kwa dothi ndi njira zothetsera zake ndi zogwirizana kwambiri anthu. zinthu izi kunyamula thanzi anthu ndi mmene lalikulu akhoza kuvutika zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho, mosalekeza kuwunika kuipitsidwa nthaka.

Ntchito yake ya pansi zitsanzo zosankhidwazi njira, zomwe zagonjetsedwa kwa zasayansi Popanga madzi a gamma-spectrometric kusanthula. Control angathe kuchitidwa m'munda. Komanso unachitikira Popanga madzi a gamma-spectrometric kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kunyamula, "Bell" kapena PSA 88.

Kuunikira kaperekedwe ka mankhwala

Pofuna kuchepetsa namsongole, tizilombo osafunika ndi matenda a mafangasi a lachonde asonyezedwa tizirombo, fungicides tizirombo. Onse a iwo, komanso mankhwala othamangitsa ndi fumigants, kuonjezera zokolola, zokhudzana ndi mankhwala. zinthu zimenezi ndi biologically yogwira ndi pa woipa apamwamba zingawonongeka ndithu chilengedwe.

N'chifukwa chake nthawi zonse kuwunika kuipitsidwa nthaka ndi mankhwala. Lero, Kutacha yeniyeni malangizo ndi njira zochepa chabe pamalangizo. Iwo amapanga n'zotheka kudziwa MICROQUANTITIES herbicides ndi mankhwala. Mfundo zazikulu, kulola kuchita ulamuliro khalidwe la zaulimi angapezeke mu Malamulo, anayamba ndi Institute of Experimental Meteorology Roshydromet. chikalata ichi ndi Buku kufotokoza magawo yaikulu yokonza ulamuliro, komanso msonkhano ndi kupeza zotsatira ankafuna.

Nthaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ulamuliro

m'madera dziko la mizinda ndi matauni ndi zaulimi ayenera mulibe zimakhudza chiopsezo zamoyo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono anthu. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, anakamba ndi zomwe zagwiridwa zizindikiro zinazake pazipita chovomerezeka mlingo, amene enshrined mu mfundo za ukhondo ndi malamulo a ukhondo.

The njira ntchito za microbiological kuwunika nthaka amafotokozedwa malangizo methodological wasenza ndi mamembala a Center Federal kwa ukhondo kasamalidwe Ministry of Health la Russia, Federal Research Center. F. F. Erismana ndi GSEN pakati pa Krasnodar.