Chiyukireniya wolemba Ivan Franko: yonena, zilandiridwenso

Ivan Franko - wotchuka Chiyukireniya ndakatulo ndi wolemba. Iye ankakhoza bwino osati mabuku komanso zinthu chitukuko ndi sayansi. Mmodzi mwa anthu wamkulu mu Ukraine ndi Ivan Franko. yonena ake, adzakhala chidwi osati Ukrainians.

Origin Franco

Zaka za moyo wa ngwazi athu - 1856-1916. Ivan Yakovlevich Franko anabadwa m'mudzi wa Naguevichi. Tsopano iwo ali mu Lviv dera (Drohobych chigawo). bambo ake anali wosula m'mudzimo. Ivan ros wamasiye. atate wake, Yakov Franko, anamwalira mu 1865. Panthawiyo iye anali ndi zaka 9 zokha. Kenako, mu 1872, iye anamwalira, ndipo mayi ake, Maria Kulchitskaya. Ngakhale mavuto azachuma, Ivan kuphunzira.

nthawi maphunziro

Kuyambira 1862 mpaka 1864 iye anapita ku sukulu, amene anali kukhala m'mudzi woyandikana nafe; mu 1864-67 - kusukulu ya pulayimale mu Drohobych; ndi zapakati pa 1867 ndi 1875 Ivan sukulu Drohobych. Kenako, pamene iye anali kale wolemba wotchuka, mokwiya anafotokoza kuti zinkachitika mu zolimbitsa thupi la. Mu nkhani monga "pensulo", "The phunziro la Zilembozo zinkasonyeza kuti," "Grits kusukulu", "humorist Atate" Ivan Franko moona mtima zodabwitsa ankafotokozedwa aphunzitsi wankhanza kuti drummed ku mitu ya ana opusa nzeru sekondale.

Masulirani mwachidule imodzi ya nkhani izi. Ntchito zake "Bambo-humorist" tikulankhula za munthu amene ankaona humorist, comedian. Koma kwenikweni, munthu uyu woonda ndi nkhope kavalo teases ana, ngati kulakwitsa, akuseka iwo, chilango ndi ndodo, wavala ana pa "benchi buru." aphunzitsi ena, Image Wolemba, anali bwino.

Photos choperekedwa pamwambapa, chikukhudza 1870. Izi zolimbitsa thupi chithunzi, amene akuonetsedwa m'kalasi Ivan (iye - mu mzere wachiwiri, woyamba kuchokera kumanzere).

Franco sakanati akhale munthu chabwino, ngati nthawi kuwerenga mabuku awo kudzadza nzeru zawo sukulu. Kuwerenga anali chibwana amakonda. Ivan ankapanga bukhu, kumene iye akanakhoza: m'malaibulare, comrades wake, ndipo nthawizina, wambirimbiri ndalama zapang'ono, kugula mabuku aulere. Kuyenera anati Ivan katswiri kusukulu. Mu 1875 iye anapatsidwa maphunziro ku thumba Glowinski. Mu chaka chomwecho, mu kugwa, iye analembetsa pa University of Lviv, mu dipatimenti philological. Maphunziro anapatsidwa Ivanu Franko pa nthawi yonse ya kafukufuku pa yunivesite. Zinaoneka kuti Ivan akuyembekezera tsogolo bata ndi otetezeka. Iye akanakhoza kukhala pa yunivesite inayake kapena sekondale aphunzitsi. Iwo ankaganiza anzawo ndiponso achibale ake.

Amangidwe loyamba

Komabe, mu zaka zoyambirira za kafukufuku pa yunivesite ya Ivan Franko anasonyeza monga chithunzi anthu Komanso zokomera, mwapang'onopang'ono malangizo. Iye anayamba ubwenzi ndi Mihailom Pavlikom ndi Ostap Terletskii. Loyamba, anapha mmwamba lokwanira ndi Drahomanov, amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo ku Geneva. Drahomanov anali wa zokomera chosintha, woopsa pamaso pa apolisi Chiyukireniya. Chifukwa makalata naye, ngwazi wathu anamangidwa mu June 1877.

Pamodzi ndi Ivana Franko anzake mlandu chilengedwe cha chinsinsi anthu zokomera. The January zotsatirazi, khoti anapezeka ndi mlandu Ivan. Iye m'ndende kwa masabata asanu. Popeza nthawi ya mapeto investigative si akuwerengedwanso ngati chilango, Ivan linatulutsidwa masabata pambuyo asanu, March 5, 1878.

zotsatira za kumangidwa

Chilango anali ochepa, koma zotsatira zake zinali zoopsa. Chakuti munthu ali ndi mbiri chigawenga, monga mwa lamulo sakanakhoza kukhala mphunzitsi. Chifukwa cha cholinga ichi kuphunzitsa zina Ivana Franko anakhala bwinobwino. ngwazi wathu anasankha maphunziro. Komanso, Franco kwambiri ozizira pa m'ndende. Matendawa anadzakhala aakulu. Iye anathamangitsa Ivana moyo. Koma si mavuto m'ndende. Atate Franco mkwatibwi Olga Roshkevych, anali wansembe anakana chibwenzi wake. Iye ngakhale analetsa Olga adawona "zigawenga" ndipo akufanana naye. banja lawo, mwatsoka, sizinachitike.

kuyimbidwa latsopano

Apolisi kuzunzidwa ngwazi wathu sunathere pomwepo. Iye anamangidwa kachiwiri mu Coloma mu March 1880. Franco kachiwiri mlandu zokomera mukubwadamuka. Iye adakhalako miyezi itatu m'ndende mpaka kufufuza zinatha. Malinga ndi zotsatira, izo anazindikira kuti amangidwe Franco alibe maziko. June 13 chaka chomwecho, ngwazi athu anatumizidwa pansi kuperekezedwa ku Coloma mu Naguevichi. Chokumbukira kugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, Ivan analandira zidindo zikugwirizananso ndi ntchito yake. Iwo anapanga maziko nkhani ya Franco, "kuya wotsika".

Apolisi sanapereke Ivan Franko yekha. Kachitatu iye za izo mogwirizana ndi kufika ku Lviv gulu la Ukrainians amene anafika ku Kiev. Ivan anamangidwa ku Lviv mu August 1889. nthawiyi anali mlandu osati zokomera onse, komanso kazitape wa dziko Russia. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi milandu anali umboni. Zinachitikira m'ndende nthawi imeneyi zikugwirizananso mu "Prison Sonnets" - mkombero ndakatulo, analengedwa ndi Franco.

moyo

Mu 1886, Ivan m'banja. Mkazi wake anali mtsikana anabadwa mu Kiev, Olga Horuzhinskaya. Banja Franco nawo ana anayi, koma banja bwino kukhala kuyambira 1902 wakhala kuphwanyaphwanya. Mkazi wa Ivan anayamba matenda okhudza ubongo, ndi nakweza ndi nthawi. Izi zinabweretsa ngwazi yathu m'mavuto.

Ivan Franco mu 1902 anasamukira ku nyumba yake (kale lendi malawi). Adiresi panopa nyumba kumene ankakhala Franco - Str. Franko, 152. Iwo ukugwira m'nyumbayi chikumbukiro wolemba. Nyumba, Ivan anatenga ngongole yaikulu. Malipiro pa inatha pambuyo pa imfa yake ndi mwana wake Ivan.

matenda Ivan Franko a

Franco mu April 1908 anapita kwa mankhwala ndi zina mwa Lipik, limene lili mu Croatia ano, pafupi Zagreb. Pakhala kwambiri kulimbikitsa matenda - manja ake zinafa. Komanso, zitsulo imasonyeza zizindikiro za matenda aubongo. Patapita zaka, izi kuwonekera kwa matenda anasintha penapake. Komabe, Franco sadzamwanso anali mokwanira zoyenera. M'nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti matenda ake ndi zotsatira za chindoko anasamutsa kamodzi. Kunapatsa m'mavuto Ivanu Franko. Panopa Komabe, madokotala amakonda kukhulupirira kuti kuyambira 1877, ndi mapeto a nthawi, ngwazi athu anali kudwala mawonekedwe la misempha. Ndi za matenda Reiter a. Concept za izo zakhala anakonza patapita zaka zambiri pambuyo pa imfa ya Ivan.

imfa Franco a

Kutopa matenda, mavuto ndi banja, kusowa ndalama, ngwazi anafa mu Lviv, kunyumba kwawo, May 28, 1916. Manda a Ivan Franko lili pa Lychakiv manda.

Ivan Franco monga ndakatulo

Tikupereka tsopano timudziwe bwino ntchito mabuku a Ivan. Choyamba monga ndakatulo anapanga 1874, Ivan Franko. yonena ake zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha chilengedwe cha ndakatulo kufikira m'masiku otsiriza a moyo wake, mpaka 1916. Mwa ntchito zake zambiri ndakatulo wokongola za amchigulu, ndi zokumana nazo. Iwo anasonkhana mu mabuku angapo.

Komabe, ndalama ndakatulo ya ngwazi wathu ndi mphamvu pazipita akuwonetseredwa mu ndakatulo yaitali, osati mawu. Ivan walenga chithunzi chenicheni cha moyo Chigalashiya cha tsiku lake. ntchito pano tisaiwale monga "Aimoré anthu" (1884), "Monga munthu wokhalapo" (m'ndakatulomo 1889), komanso ndakatulo analengedwa mu 1890, "Mu Chikondi". Ivan Franko komanso analanda zithunzi za m'mbuyomu mbiri ya anthu Chiyukireniya. Zina mwa ntchito pa phunziro ili tisaiwale "Bar nthabwala" (1887), ndakatulo "Ivan Vyshenskii", olengedwa mwa 1895, komanso ntchito zina - "Mu Saint George Hill" (1900). Ivan Franko zoyenera ena analenga awo kuganiza za Mulungu ndi chipembedzo. Tikumbukenso ndakatulo, 1885 Eks nihilo, komanso "Imfa ya Kaini", olengedwa mwa 1889.

Otchuka pakati ndakatulo yolembedwa ndi Ivan uli processing wa nkhani zosiyanasiyana ku dziko mabuku. Awa ndi ntchito za 1890 ndi "Lis Mikita," "The Zopatsa Chidwi cha Don Quixote", "Mfumu ndi wokonda moyo wodzimana," "nsapato Abu Kasimov", ndi kukhazikika mu 1900, ndakatulo "Smith yoimba".

Kodi mtundu wa ntchito ndi chimake cha ndakatulo ndife chidwi wolemba? Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti amalenga ndakatulo "Mose" mu 1905. Mu ntchito iyi, zochokera - nkhaniyo m'Baibulo, kudzera mwa kuwuka kwa anthu Chiyukireniya, amene anayamba kumenyera ufulu wawo.

Franko - wolemba

Ivan Franco sanali kokha ndakatulo, komanso novelist. Ntchito izi zimene iye anachita monga realist, amene akunena za mavuto a moyo Chigalashiya cha tsiku lake. Zinali Franco yoyamba Chiyukireniya olemba zinasonyeza moyo antchito Borislav, amene ankagwira ntchito m'minda mafuta, komanso amalonda a Ayuda, amene anali muzikangana m'kalasi. Mu 1877, panali mankhwala a "kutembenuka kwa ochimwa," mu 1884 - Boa constrictor, mu 1887 - "Yats Zelepuga" mu 1899 - "Oilman". Analengedwa mu 1882, buku "Borislav akuseka," imatengedwa ntchito yabwino ya dongosolo.

Creation wodzipereka kwa moyo wa anzeru, Komanso zatenga malo kwambiri mu Franco prose. Mu 1880, Ivan analemba "m'munsi kuya", mu 1897 - "Pakuti nyumba", mu 1900 - "njira mtanda". Otchuka mwa ntchito za zino adzaupereka kwa anthu amene ali odzipereka kwa asapita Chiyukireniya-Chipolishi. Pakati pawo, tisaiwale "Lel ndi Polel" (1887), komanso "Nsanamira ya Society" (1894). Onse ntchito mwatsoka kumanzere yosatha.

Ndithu chidwi monga nthano ya Ivana Franko "Farbovany nkhandwe" ( "farbovany" amatanthauza "penti"). Mafotokozedwe ake a Soviet zojambula animator motsogoleredwa ndi Alexander Ivanov unakhazikitsidwa mu 1953. "Wonyika nkhandweyo" ndi imodzi mwa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Ivanov.

Ukrainians ambiri amadziwika filimu amatchedwa "Zahar Berkut". Limanena za nkhondo ya anthu ufulu kukoma ndi chinyengo chamtundu ndi adani. Ndi pafupifupi m'mudzi Carpathian filimu imeneyi. chiwembu anapita kukagwira ntchito, "Zahar Berkut" Ivan Franko.

Ivan Yakovlevich anadzionetsa mu sewero. sewero lake "akuba Chimwemwe" anali wotsogola pa nthawi yake. Ndipo lero izo zikuwoneka masiku ano ndithu. Mu sewerolo "akuba Chimwemwe" anasonyeza kuti banja, loyang'ana osangalala. Komabe, banja imaphwanya kutsogolo oonerera. Pachitika zigawo Ukraine tawuni linasankhidwa. Classic chikondi makona lagona mu mzinda wa chiwembu cha ntchito imeneyi. Miyoyo ya anthu atatu n'zogwirizana - Anna, mwamuna wake ndi wokonda lake Michael Mykola. Nsanje, kuperekedwa, chikondi, weniweni ndi kungoganiza imfa, kulapa ndi kupha zozizwitsa "kuuka" - nawo sewerolo kuti asonkhezere zilakolako si otsika ku masewero a Shakespeare.

ntchito yomasulira

Pa moyo wake, Franco ntchito mabaibulo a ntchito zosiyanasiyana mabuku dziko. Robert m'munda umenewu ndi mkulu. Translation anthu a izo, inu mukhoza kulenga laibulale lonse.

An osiyanasiyana kwambiri katundu kuti amakopeka Franco. Mabaibulo komanso chilengedwe cha Greek wakale, wakale Arabic, wakale Indian mabuku Babulo wakale ndakatulo. Koma mabuku atsopano, mwina kudziŵika "Faust" ndi Goethe. Ivan Franko anawamasulira mu 1882. Iye anali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito zina German ndipo French, Polish, English ndi Chitaliyana.

Mwa Mabaibulo Franco - mabuku lonse zolemba K. Havlicek-Borovsky ndi A. S. Pushkina. Chidwi kutengerapo mkombero ntchito yapadera analenga olemba mbiri yakale Rome. Ivan Franko ntchito pa iwo kuchokera August 1915 ku March 1916, mwachitsanzo chaka chatha wa moyo.

Tikumbukenso kuti anatembenuza mu German Chiyukireniya wowerengeka songs, komanso kuthandiza M. S. Grushevskomu kulenga Baibulo German wa "History of Ukraine-Lazaro". ntchito osati yekha luso ndinazolowera Ivan Franko. yonena wake ikusonyezedwa chidwi mu zolemba za sayansi ndi otchuka pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimene iye anali kunena za 1870-80-ntchentche. Ivan amaona zothandiza kuphunzitsa anthu Chiyukireniya.

Pokhala ngati folklorist ndi

Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni pa ntchito yake luso Franco anali ndi chidwi folklore. Woyamba nthano mu kujambula ake linasindikizidwa mu 1876. "Chigalashiya-Russian miyambi" ndi "situdiyo wa Chiyukireniya wowerengeka nyimbo" anakhala zomwe chofunika kwambiri Franco m'munda umenewu. Ivan zafalitsa ambiri ethnographic ndi folklore timva ndi kafukufuku. Komanso, iye analemba mndandanda wa wowerengeka nyimbo.

French ngati katswiri wa zolembedwa

Mu njira zingapo ntchito Ivana Franko anapita pa mbiri ya mabuku. The woyamba - nzika mbiri. Kupambana kwambiri umenewu - Franco digirii nkhani yolembedwa, kumbuyo mu 1895. The malangizo chachiwiri - zosonkhanitsira, kuphunzira ndi kufalitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mabuku Chiyukireniya. Apa tisaiwale mndandanda wa Franco "owonjezera ndi Nthano ku Mipukutu Chiyukireniya." Ivan anapezeka ndi lofalitsidwa chilengedwe Ivana Vyshenskogo, zimene analemba ndi maphunziro ambiri a. Iye lofalitsidwa ntchito za Taras Shevchenko, Fedkovych A. Świdnicka ndi Chiyukireniya olemba ena. Mbali ina yomwe iye ankagwira ntchito Franco - kulemba ntchito kupanga mbiri mabuku Chiyukireniya.

ntchito panja

Young Chigalashiya luntha mu 1890 analenga Chirasha Chiyukireniya kwakukulu Party, kutsogozedwa ndi Ivan Franko mpaka chaka cha 1898. chipani ichi kutsatira malangizo zokomera. Iye kuzifuna kukhala kazembe wa mabwalo waukulu antchito.

Ivan Franco mu 1895, anakhala phungu mu Viennese yamalamulo (a kwakukulu Party) mu ndondomeko Mostiska - Dobromyl - Przemysl. Mu chaka cha 1898 iye anali wophunzira mu ndondomeko ina - Skalat - Zbarazh - Ternopil. Komabe, pa nthawi onse Ivan Franco akadali sichinayambe osankhidwa.

Franco mu 1899 anabwera kuchokera kwakukulu Party, analenga nalowa Chiyukireniya chipani national-demokalase. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anataya mtsogoleri otchuka ndi National Democrats sanapatsidwe mphamvu kwambiri. Franco mu mtanda watsopano zinthu zina zapadera osati kulekanitsidwa. Patapita kanthawi iye anasiya kulimbana ndale ndi kwathunthu lolunjika pa zinthu za sayansi ndi zolembalemba.

Polongosola mwachidule

Ivan Franko, amene yonena ali m'nkhani, anali wolemba mabuku ndi ndakatulo za ntchito yake. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza kupirira kulipenya nkhani zandale m'dziko lawo. Kotero iye sanalole kukhala monga wolemba. Ivan Franko kwambiri ndipo akulandira kwa ntchito iliyonse, amene anali, mu maganizo ake, kukhala zothandiza anthu Chiyukireniya. Choncho, ambiri mapulani zolembalemba ndipo sanathe kuzindikira Franco, ndakatulo ndi prose zomwe Komabe ndi bwino kuti asaphedwe kuzindikira. Mu ntchito zina m'nyimbo, ngwazi wathu anadandaula kuwawa mtima kuti iye sanathe kuzindikira maganizo awo onse mu mabuku.

Komabe, ndendende chifukwa cha ntchito Universalism Franco, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi chimodzi mwa omanga mtundu ano Chiyukireniya. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti John Y. akuonetsedwa pa banknote chipembedzo 20 hryvnia. Kumene, mfundo imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti maonekedwe ake ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu Chiyukireniya. Popeza 1992, fano Ivana Franko lili pa banknote ndime kufunika 20 hryvnia. kamangidwe kake linasinthidwa kangapo, koma chithunzi cha Franco nthaŵi zonse mu malo.