Chiyambi ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina lapansi. zotsatira oprichnina

Kuletsa Oprichnina chaka chilichonse amabwerera zaka zambiri, ndi zinthu zambiri zimene zinabweretsa chilengedwe wake wa oleza Russian dziko, achotsa pamtima anthu. Izi ndi zopanda kwambiri, chifukwa mbiri ali ndi chizolowezi kubwereza kamodzinso anthu a maphunziro undigested. Izi ndi zoona makamaka masiku ano, pamene iwo ali mbali ya ulamuliro chitsulo ndi autocracy.

Osiyanasiyana ziyenera mbiri oprichnina

Pa zaka zambiri kuchokera imfa Ivana Groznogo, maganizo ndi Kuganizira kuti yodziwika nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, ndipo makamaka kwa oprichnina ndi anasintha mobwerezabwereza. osiyanasiyana makhalidwe ranged ku mumayesto iwo monga maonekedwe a misala maganizo a mfumu (ya mawonedwe ambiri a azambiriyakale chisanadze chosintha) kuti kuzindikira za zochita oprichnina asilikali patsogolo, umalimbana basi wolimbikitsa boma, ndi centralization mphamvu ndi kuwagonjetsa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana (udindo Stalin). Pa nkhani imeneyi, chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina unaperekedwa pafupifupi chopinga kupita patsogolo.

Mbiri ya akuti "oprichnina"

Tanthauzo zimbalangondo palokha mawu? Amadziwika kuti zinachitika kwa mawu Asilavo "OPRICH", ndi "kunja", "wopatulika" "kunja". Poyamba, zinaperekedwa gawo operekedwa ndi mkazi wamasiye imfa ya mwamuna wake, ndi kukhala kunja mbali yaikulu ya chuma kuti kugawa.

Mu ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo ndi dzina gawo inalandidwa eni awo akale anatchula ntchito za boma ndi kukhala chuma cha servitors wake. Onse a dziko unkatchedwa "zemshchina". Pali chinyengo bwino mfumu. Ya misa okwana dziko wachokera makamaka boyar kalasi, iye anasankha gawo boma, amene anali mwini wake wa yekha, ndipo akuitana ake "gawo wamasiye," amene anapatsidwa okha udindo wa odzichepetsa ndi kukhumudwa mfumu, wosweka mwankhanza wa boyars akufunika zokometsera.

Iwo anali zikwi asilikali anasonkhana yekha kwa anthu inalandidwa ndipo umasamutsidwa ku boma, kuti, "oprichnina" malo. Mu 1565, pamene luso ili wakhazikitsidwa, asilikali ndi anthu zikwi, koma ndi 1572, pamene chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina anakhala mosalephera chinawonjezeka pafupifupi zisanu zina. Malinga ndi dongosolo la mfumu iye anapatsidwa udindo la Alonda National, anapatsidwa mphamvu waukulu ndi cholinga kulimbikitsa boma mphamvu.

Aggravation ya mavuto mkati andale

Ponena za zifukwa zimene zachititsa kuti chilengedwe Ivana Groznogo oprichnina, monga ulamuliro, poyamba pa zonse kuona nkhondo wake ndi wa Boyar Duma, kudakali zosiyana pa nkhani kwambiri mfundo pagulu. Amene sanafune kumvera mfundo aliyense, mtima onse kuzindikira zinthu zobisika za chiwembucho, mfumu ya mtsutso posachedwapa anasamukira kumangika kwa boma ndi misa kupondereza.

nkhondo anatenga makamaka pachimake pamene mu 1562 mfumu inalamula anali ochepa ufulu patrimonial wa boyars, kuti iwo anatsimikizira kuti ukugwira kwa olemekezeka inatera. Chifukwa cha m'mene ziriri pano The zikamera izi wakhala azimuth mwa otchuka kuti kuthawa ululu wa mfumu kupitirira malire a boma.

Kuyambira 1560 ndi othawa kwawo Stream chikukwera omwe sakanakhoza chifukwa mkwiyo wa mwayekha lapansi. kumveka Special anali kuchoka chinsinsi Poland mmodzi wa olemekezeka olemekezeka achifumu Andreya Kurbskogo, amene amadzinenera osati kusiya dziko mozemba, komanso kutumiza kalata Ivan, embodying atamunamizira mwachindunji kutsutsana naye.

Chiyambi cha zikuluzikulu kupondereza

Chifukwa chiyambi cha misa kupondereza anatumikira monga zinachitika mu 1564 kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian mu nkhondo ndi Lithuanians pa mahule Mtsinje. Ndi anthu amene maganizo a mfumu mwachindunji kapena ayi udindo kugonjetsedwa, anali akuvutika choyamba. Komanso, mu December chaka chomwecho mu Moscow panali mphekesera zoti ambiri otchuka boyars, kuopa Kuyaluka, pamodzi Lithuania ndi Poland khamu ndithu kukakonzera mphamvu takeover.

Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali oprichnina anali kumbuyo muyeso mfumu weniweni, ndipo nthawi zambiri kungoganiza ngozi, ndiponso chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina, amene ayankhidwa pansipa chifukwa cha kulephera kwake kwathunthu, monga thandizo maboma. Koma m'tsogolo, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo, pamaso chogonjera mosadziletsa awo, mfumu tipezekemo anthu ambiri, ndi chilolezo awo tacit kuyamba wamagazi phwando.

Zimene zinachitika pa chilengedwe cha oprichnina ndi

Kuti zimenezi zitheke, Ivan nyimbo chowonetsedwa weniweni. Retiring ndi banja lonse la mumzinda Alexander, ndipo analengeza abdication wake chifukwa cha kuvulala ankati chinaperekedwa ndi nduna zake ndi atsogoleri, mwakutero anabweretsa iwo Folk bottoms, mu ulaliki umene anadzozedwa ndi Mulungu ndi zoona, vicegerent Wake pa lapansi. Sinthani malingaliro anu mfumu anavomera yekha pa chikhalidwe cha iye ufulu wonse wochita chilungamo ndi chilango pa amene amayambitsa mkwiyo wake onse.

Zochita zake chikwiyire antiboyarskuyu mphamvu ya amaganiza pakati pa anthu, anakakamizika kufunsa Duma Ivana Groznogo ulamuliro kupitiriza zinthu zonse patsogolo mwa iwo. Kumayambiriro kwa January 1565 deputation dziko anafika mumzinda Alexander, nthawi yomweyo mfumu anaganiza pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa oprichnina lapansi.

Gulu la dongosolo latsopano asilikali

Monga tanena, gulu loyamba unali ndi anthu chikwi ndipo athanzi wokhala "oprichnina" zigawo. kulemba anthu usilikali onse adalumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu, ndi kusiyiratu mgonero zemstvo. zizindikiro zawo zapadera akhala anapachikidwa pa makosi a akavalo, mitu agalu, kufanizira wokonzeka kufunafuna mpanduko ndi matsache, m'chiuno ndi saddles ndi - chizindikiro kuti mpanduko ndi wapezeka yomweyo chinawononga zinyalala ngati zoipa.

Nkhani lalikulu ndi zonse kukula asilikali oprichnina anapatsidwa mizinda yambiri Russian, kuphatikizapo Suzdal ndi waukulu Kozelsk, Vyazma ndi Vologda. Mu Moscow chomwecho misewu angapo chopatsidwa awo, monga Nikita, Arbat, Sivtsev Vrazhek ndi ena. okhala wawo wakale anali mokakamiza anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo ndipo anasamukira ku akutali a mzinda.

Kumapangitsa chuma, mawonetseredwe woyamba wosakhutira

The katundu wa dziko otsata zemshchina ndi kutengerapo awo ku malo a asilikali ndi chidwi chachikulu umwini dziko la otchuka ang'onoang'ono, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kuchichepetsa chuma dziko. The zifukwa Kulipira oprichnina, amene anatsatira m'chaka cha 1572, komanso kuwonongedwa kwa latsopano nzika zokhazikika kwa zaka kuonetsetsa dongosolo chakudya dziko. chakuti dziko linakhala cholowa cha osankhika latsopano, ambiri a iwo ankachita bwinja, ndipo palibe ntchito chidachitika pa iwo.

Mu 1566, iye anaitanidwa kamodzi, wopangidwa mwa oimira magulu onse a chikhalidwe, ndi Zemsky Sobor. Rescission Oprichnina ziwanga wake sizinathe amadzinenera kusonyeza kusakhutira analenga pakati pa anthu mwankhanza "asilikali" Komabe, nditulukira kwa mfumu ndi pempho kuchitapo kanthu zoipa zobwera awo. Aliyense mawu amenewa Ivan Grozny ankamuona ngati kuphwanya kumanja kwake monarchic, ndi chifukwa cha petitioners mazana atatu anali kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

Novgorod tsoka

Amadziwika kuti ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo (makamaka pa oprichnina a) amakhala ndi mantha zikuluzikulu ndi anthu a dziko zawo chifukwa cha nkhanza mosadziletsa autocrat, ndi zifukwa chingatilimbikitse - kukayikirana ndiponso kusakhulupirirana. Izi inali pa ulendo wake Chilango anthu okhala ku Novgorod, kugwiridwa ndi iye mu chaka 1569-1570.

Osadziŵa Novgorodians mu cholinga cha kusamukira ku ulamuliro wa mfumu Polish, Ivan Grozny pamodzi ndi asilikali ambirimbiri oprichnina kwa mtsinje wa Volkhov kulanga ndi kuopseza oukira m'tsogolo. Alibe chifukwa mlandu aliyense, mfumu anathira mkwiyo wawo pa aliyense amene ali mu njira yake. Patangotha masiku ochepa, ataledzera ndi kulangidwa, ndi asilikali talandidwa ndi kupha anthu osalakwa.

Demoralization ndi azingokhala oprichnina asilikali

Malinga ndi akuti akatswiri a masiku ano, anthu anali osachepera 10-15 zikwi. Man, ngakhale kuti chonse cha anthu a mumzinda nthawi sanali upambana 30 chikwi. M'dzikoli, kuti waonongeka si zosakwana 30% kwa nzika zonse. M'pomveka kunena kuti chiyembekezo chakuti ya oprichnina mu 1572 kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha kugwa kwa ulamuliro khalidwe la mphamvu lachifumu, atolankhani omwe kupitiriza kuonedwa monga bambo ndi mtetezi, koma monga anagwiriridwa ndi wolanda.

Komabe, kulawa kwa magazi, mfumu ndi atumiki ake akhala kuti ndisiye. Zaka zotsatira za msonkhano Novgorod chinali ndi Kuphedwa ambiri wamagazi onse mu Moscow ndi m'mizinda zina zambiri. Only kumapeto kwa July 1670 m'madera matauni anapeza akaidi imfa oposa mazana awiri. Koma izi chisembwere wamagazi zinayamba kugwira sizingasinthe pa ozunza okha. Adzawalanga chifukwa cha milandu ndi omasuka kupanga kwathunthu nkhongono ndi anaipsa asilikali kamodzi ndithu waluso.

deserters

Icho chinali chiyambi chabe. Kuletsa oprichnina kwakukulukulu anali chifukwa cha zinthu kugwirizana ndi nkhondo ya Chitata mu 1671. Ndiye, tayiwala mmene nkhondo ndi anaphatikizana yekha chizolowezi zikatichitikira wamba asilikali kwakukulukulu chabe sanabwere mfundo msonkhano. Wokwanira kuti kuchokera sikisi kuti anabwera kudzakumana regiments mdani, asanu inakhazikitsidwa ku oimira zemshchina.

Chochitika zinachitika mu August chaka chotsatira, amene Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti yaitali ya oprichnina lapansi. Nkhondo ya achinyamata, imene za makumi asanu makilomita ku Moscow adasonkhana Russian ndi Chitata, popanda nawo asilikali anali kwakukuru apambana mwa asilikali Zemsky kutsogoleredwa ndi akalonga ndi Vorotynsky Khvorostinin. Izo zimasonyeza kulephera kwa kanthu ndi wolemetsa boma la mwayi dongosolo ndale nkhondo.

The zikalata anasunga kuchokera pores akale, amati chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina, amene tsiku (monga mwawamba) - 1572, anakonza kale kwambiri. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi kusinthanasinthana kosalekeza kwa kupereka mfumu wotchuka kwambiri wa pafupifupi chiwerengero cha anthu amene ankatumikira mkulu kale kutsatira pa chaka 1570-1571. Iwo thupi anawonongedwa ndi okondedwa dzulo wa mfumu, amene mwa mawu ake, iye anali thandizo ndi chitetezo cha anthu onse amene anali ofunitsitsa Pofuna pa mpando wachifumu. Koma chaka cha 1572 sikunapangitse woyamba wa kumasulidwa chomaliza cha anthu ku opondereza ake.

Imfa ya mfumu ndi chiyembekezo chakuti chomaliza cha oprichnina ndi

Mu chaka chimene anali anamaliza ku Russia pa oprichnina chiyani? funso Palibe yankho lomveka bwino. Ngakhale lamulo nduna ya mfumu pa chiyembekezo chakuti dongosolo lino, gulu lenileni la dziko Russian mu akumidzi ndi oprichnina chinakhalapo mpaka imfa yake (1584).

Mu 1575, zinachititsa Ivanom Groznym zemstvos anaukitsidwa anabatizidwa Chitata kalonga Simeon Bekbulatovich. udindowu inali yoyamba gulu lina la Kuphedwa. Panthawi imeneyi, chiwerengero cha zigawenga anali olemekezeka, anatenga mpando anamuperekeza mfumu pambuyo akugonjetsa iwo mu 1572 nsonga oprichnina, komanso chiwerengero cha atsogoleri akuluakulu.

Kuletsa oprichnina ndipo zotsatira zake

Amene anabweretsa Oprichnina anthu Russian, umapereka kwambiri kuika chisanadze chosintha wathu mbiri VO Klyuchevskii. Moyenerera ananena kuti kufunafuna woukira kungoganiza, oprichnina anakhala chifukwa cha chisokonezo, chotero wafunsira kuopseza woona ufumu. Iye ananenanso kuti kupulula anthu amene atumiki a mfumu anali kuyesera kuteteza mfumu, kukumba maziko a dongosolo boma.

Kuletsa oprichnina (chaka cha buku la lamulo la mfumu) anali akupita ku Russia mavuto a kumadzulo dziko, kumene anthu anali kumenyana ndi Commonwealth. asilikali Russian khate dziko chinafoka mavuto azachuma, nathawitsidwa kumbuyo ndi mizati. Unatha nthawi ya Livonia nkhondo komanso sanapereke bwino kuyembekezera. Komanso pansi ntchito Swedish anali Narva ndi Koporje, ndipo zotsatira zawo zili kwambiri. Chifukwa zosiyidwa tatchulawa ndi leni chothaŵa asilikali oprichnina mu 1671 mavuto ndi kutentha Moscow. Against maziko imeneyi mwakhama, ndipo analengeza chiyembekezo chakuti a oprichnina.

chaka Kodi ndi yani ndi despot wamagazi linali asintha khalidwe lawo, komanso anazindikira muweruzi patsogolo? Yankho tingalipeze kutsutsa zimene Stalin wagwa pa amene anaonekera mndandanda woyamba filimu Eisenstein a "Ivan Grozny" mu 1945. Malinga ndi iye, adamtola ndi mabodza Soviet, udindo Ivana Groznogo m'mbiri kwambiri zabwino, ndi zochita zonse zinali zochepa chabe popereka mphamvu centralized ndi chilengedwe cha boma lamphamvu. Monga njira imene zolinga ndi akwaniritsa, izo, malinga ndi Stalin, anali ndi vuto sekondale. ntchito yekha "tate wa mitundu" kwathunthu anatsimikizira mtima kwa chiweruzo chake.