Chithunzi cha luso Russian. Chithunzicho mu luso zithunzi

M'nkhaniyi tiona chithunzi cha luso Russian. Mtengo wa mtundu wanyimbo ichi ndi wojambula akuyesera kuti akapereke ndi thandizo la zipangizo kupanga zenizeni m'moyo munthu. Kuti, ndi luso chifukwa, tingathe kudzera chithunzi ndi nyengo zina.

Komanso, aluso akufuna osati amasonyeza misampha, koma kuperekanso boma lamkati la munthu amene zikhoza.

Werengani pa ndipo mudzapeza yachitika mu chitukuko cha chithunzi Russian ku Ages Middle masiku ano.

Chithunzicho mtundu wanyimbo zaluso

Chithunzicho mu luso zithunzi monga ife kumvetsa izo lero, anaima posachedwapa. Basi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, mbiri pa bwalo la French mfumu Louis XIV, André Félibien, akufuna kuitana mawu zithunzi za anthu.

Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mawu anali limanenedwa ngati mafano onse, kaya nyama, masamba kapena mchere. Mu Middle Ages nyama zinali pang'ono maganizo osiyana kuposa panopa. Iwo sakanakhoza subpoena, kuzunzidwa ndi kuweruzidwa malingana ndi malamulo malamulo.

Zotsatirazi Felibenom Arthur Schopenhauer anafotokoza mfundo yakuti nyama ndi wapadera mbali generic, iwo alibe umunthu. Komanso lero, zithunzi samapeza chizindikirochi, chifukwa iwo olembedwa ndi wapachiyambi.

Choncho, chithunzi luso ndiponso mabuku anaonekera kale, koma kalelo pansi kuti amvetse aliyense "ntchito yabwino."

Kukula kwa mtundu wanyimbo izi mosakayikira zinthu ziwiri - bwino kulemba njira (zikuchokera, thunthu, etc.), komanso kusintha pa maganizo a malo munthu mu dziko. Maluwa wamkulu zithunzi imagwera pa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, pamene Ulaya anali kulamulidwa ndi maganizo payekha ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa abwino mu panokha.

nthawi oyambirira

Self-zithunzi pa luso Russian wobadwa yekha pa malire a m'zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Pamaso panali zithunzi kalembedwe akale, pamene munthu zimasuluka mu maziko.

Maziko a m'nyengo yoyambirira ya Russian luso mpaka mafano. mankhwala amenewa analipo mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri.

Koma kusintha anayamba mu nthawi mochedwa Kievan Lazaro. Kuti anapulumuka kufanana gulu zithunzi Svyatoslav banja, ana Yaroslava Mudrogo. Palinso zitsanzo zingapo za zithunzi ndi zina payekha, mwachitsanzo, Jaroslav Vsyevolodovitch ndi kachisi mu dzanja. Kotero iye anadalitsidwa chifukwa chopereka kwa ntchitoyo.

Zoyesayesa woyamba kuchoka makalata ovomerezeka ndi zampingo kwa kupenta yakale zinachitika pa ulamuliro wa Ivana Groznogo. Ife tikuwona thunthu lake m'mabuku ena. Chotero kusuntha anapangidwa basi chifukwa cha zana Mitu tchalitchi, amene analamulira ndipo legislated chinyezimiro cha mafumu, akalonga, ndi anthu pa zithunzi.

Parsuna

Mu kupenta m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri akupitiriza bwino. Ife tikuona kuti chithunzi zaluso Russia likupitirirabe makhalidwe payekha. Pali mtundu wanyimbo monga "parsuna". Izi molakwika mawu akuti "munthu".

Ntchito izi zinalengedwa pa magome ngakhale tempera, ndiko kalembedwe chithunzi, chimasonyeza zithunzi moyo wa anthu. The wamkulu kupenta amenewa anali parsuna Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shumsky.

Komabe, analengedwa monga maliro chithunzi "Chovala". Koma chifaniziro cha kalonga padalembedwa "anaukitsa", nakhalanso mu dziko labwinoko, kotero zochititsa ndi osiyana ndi nkhope ovomerezeka pa zithunzi.

Pang'onopang'ono pali kuchoka ku ziphunzitso za mpingo, anabwereka luso ku Europe. Chotero, dera la Commonwealth abwera "Sarmatian chithunzi" mtundu wanyimbo olemekezeka fano.

Komanso, Muscovy amisiri kubwera ku Ulaya, kuphunzitsa ojambula zithunzi m'deralo. Analenga "titulyarniki" (mabuku apadera, amene amaonetsa zithunzi labwino la olamulira European).

nyengo Petrine

Kwenikweni "chithunzi" zaluso Russian imapezeka mu ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu. Nthawiyi kunasintha moyo wa dziko. Luso anasonyeza makhalidwe a mumaganiza latsopano.

Mu zithunzi pali buku ndi kuzama, aluso adziwe m'tsogolo. Anabadwa kumvetsa sewero kuwala ndi mthunzi, anayamba kuyesa mitundu pa chinsalu cha. Komanso, pali kulekana kotsiriza kwa mpingo ndi luso boma.

Tsopano pachithunzipa lagawidwa atatu otaya - archaizing, Rossika ndi sukulu dziko.

Woyamba ndi chibadidwe kusintha kwa "parsuna" kuti easel kupenta. wachiwiri ukufanizidwa ndi ntchito za amisiri zakunja Russia. M'banja sukulu imodzi zili ntchito ya Nikitin, Antropov, Vishnjakova Matveeva ndi Argunova.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ojambula zithunzi Russian kwa nthaŵi imeneyo, choyamba katswiri, titero "kukwatulidwa" mu Europe. Koma mu zaka zingapo pali ntchito palokha kwathunthu, ndi masomphenya awo. Kuti kuyambira chitukuko cha malo m'dera la zojambulajambula kalasi.

The cha m'ma XVIII

Pang'onopang'ono chithunzi zaluso Russian amakhala cholowa cha strata pakati pa anthu. Mpaka m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu akamachita anthu olemekezeka yekha, pafupi banja lachifumu, koma tsopano pali zithunzi okha a anthu olemekezeka ndi landlords, koma wamba ngakhale pang'ono. Otsiriza, makamaka zinachitika yekha mwa malingaliro yophunzitsa anthu.

Mu makumi asanu ndi zaka zao za sikisite za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, mawu wapadera chinakhazikitsidwa ndi zithunzi za Mfumukazi Elizabeti. Mabanja ambiri wolemekezeka analamula zojambula okha, ofanana chitsanzo chimenechi.

Komanso ofufuza zofunika kuona njira palokha aluso m'deralo. Analongosola masomphenya awo a mitundu ndi makhalidwe chibadidwe mu Baroque, poyerekeza ndi amisiri European amene ankagwira ntchito kalembedwe Rococo.

Ntchito aluso Russian chabe ndi kuchulukitsa zithunzi zokongola, nkhope, wodzala ndi moyo, ofiira ndi duwa-cheeked dona.

Classicism ndi Silver Age

Pang'onopang'ono kuona anasintha kwa ubwenzi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, n'zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa West European ndi Russian chithunzi. Polemba chinenero mu luso zithunzi adza kwa zochitika za padziko lonse. Only tsopano pali yowala ndi zobiriwira mitundu Baroque.

Akuwoloka wa Rococo kuti neoclassicism ndi predromantike. Kupezeka chimatsogoleredwa ndi kuwala zolemba. Mbali yaikulu ya nthawi iyi anali historicism. Ndiko kuti, kamvekedwe choikidwacho zithunzi ofunda a m'banja lachifumu.

nthawi iyi umaonekera ntchito za Shchukin, Rokotoff, ndi Borovikovsky Levitsky.

Kenako nthawi Romanticism. Apa, ojambula odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi Bryullov Varnek, Tropinin ndi Kiprensky.

Kenako pakubwera Kuzindikira kuti ndi chibadidwe zojambula za Repin, Surikov ndi Serov.

Silver M'badwo wa kupenta Russian amene anapereka ojambula zithunzi dziko monga Malevich, Vrubel, Malyutin, Somov, Konchalovsky ndi ena.

Soviet chithunzi

Chithunzi cha luso chi si anatsimikiza ndi mfundo, monga izo zinaliri mu nthawi Soviet, ndi mbali ndalama.

Koma pakati pa zojambula za Malevich ndi nthawi yathu pali lothandiza lonse la Soviet Union.

Apa zikukwaniritsidwa yoweyula koyamba maganizo avant-garde, Moscow ndi Leningrad sukulu, "omanga Bratsk". Iyo inali mbali yofunika ya Kuzindikira zokomera.

Choncho, ife tsopano yodziwa mbiri ya chithunzi zaluso Russian.