Chisinthiko zamoyo ndi chiyani? Galimoto mphamvu, malamulo, zitsanzo

Today tikambirana chiyani chisinthiko zamoyo, kodi phindu lili. Kumene, kulankhula za nkhani imeneyi, sitingathe kunyalanyaza chiphunzitso zinachokera Charles Darwin, amene analipereka ilo kwa dziko, amene alipo lero.

Ndiye kodi zamoyo mu zamoyo? Mu lingaliro ili ambiri amadziwira ngati kusintha, omwe si chidwi kwambiri. Koma chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi pali kusintha kwakukulu. Evolution mu zamoyo zingachititse kuti pakhale mtundu watsopano wa zamoyo, kapena kusintha kusintha achikulirewo. Kodi tanthauzo lotani zamoyo m'masayansi zachilengedwe? Kumene, chinsinsi. Izi mudzaona yomalizidwa kuwerenga ntchito imeneyi.

kusanduka

Tsopano ife kulankhula pang'ono za mfundo chifungulo cha nkhani imeneyi. chisinthiko zamoyo ndi chiyani? Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti zodabwitsazi ndi kulisiya ndi n'zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, chitukuko cha zinyama. Onani zamoyo mbali munthu kapena biosphere ambiri, wa zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli. Kumbukirani kuti kusintha zitha kukhala zamoyo.

Kale kusanduka anatsutsa chinthu chotero monga "Kukwera". Koma mu maphunziro mwakhama njira awa awiri anapezeka kuti: kusanduka ndi Kuukira ndi kovuta kusiyanitsa Chrixitu. Chifukwa chiyani? Zamoyo zaka mamilioni akhoza kutenga kapena sachedwa kutha. Popeza m'malire njira awiriwa imene'yi topaka.

Ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu - ichi ndi chifukwa cha kusanduka, kuti, tili ndi kusanduka kuchokera ku anyani akale. Iwo anayamba kupanga ndi wasayansi wotchuka Charles Darwin. chiphunzitso anandiyitana kusanduka. Mukhulupirira kapena ayi, aliyense aganiza paokha, chifukwa tsopano pali ena ambiri malingaliro zotheka. Koma pamene ife tinapita ku ntchito zathu kusanduka, sitingathe kunyalanyaza Darwin. Tikupereka kuyamba izo pakali pano.

Darwin

Charles Darwin anali wokhoza kwa nthawi yoyamba kufotokozera anthu kuti ndi kusanduka mu zamoyo. Tiyenera kutchura chakuti chiphunzitso anali ochokera m'mabuku a T. Malthus, amene anapereka dziko mu 1778 wake "Treatise pa anthu." Atafufuza opareshoni, Charles Darwin anali wokhoza kupanga malamulo zofunika, mphamvu kuyendetsa kusanduka. Ntchito ya T. Malthus chiyani? Iye anafotokoza zimene zidzachitike kwa ife ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu si analimbikitsa ndi zinthu aliyense.

Onaninso kuti Darwin ankatembenukira ndi chiphunzitso cha Malthus pa machitidwe ena wamoyo, chopereka waukulu kwa sayansi - kufotokozera mmene kusanduka amapezeka. Iye koyamba maganizo "zamphamvu zokhazokha." Tchulani akhale ndi kuti wasayansi wina (AR Wallace) anatha kwa mfundo imeneyi. Ndiye Darwin ndi Wallace pamodzi ndipo anali limodzi pamsonkhano wa mu 1858, lipoti limodzi ndi 1859 Charles Darwin anayambitsa dziko kuntchito, "The Origin of Species."

Chiphunzitso zamakono

Ndiye kodi zamoyo mu zamoyo, tanthauzo la chiphunzitso Charles Darwin, ife anatipatsa kale. Koma palinso amakono (wochedwanso kupanga) zasokoneza. Tikupereka tione mwachidule pa iye.

Chiphunzitso cha Neo-Darwin ali ndi kusinthidwa m'zaka za m'ma 20, Darwin - Wallace. Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha kukonzanso ndi Kuwonjezera deta latsopano m'madera a:

• chibadwa;
• paleontology;
• maselo zamoyo;
• zachilengedwe;
• ethology.

N'chifukwa chiyani chiphunzitso ichi chotchedwa zenizeni? Ndendende chifukwa kaphatikizidwe maudindo akuluakulu umaimiridwa ndi Charles Darwin.

malamulo kusanduka

Tisanafotokoze potanthauza malamulo achikhazikitso, ife amati inu taganizirani zimene zamoyo mu zamoyo, muchisanzo chimenechi, tidzakhala mthandizi wabwino. Tengani gulugufe buluu yemwe amakhala ku zilumba za Chisamoa. Iwo anayamba kuwononga majeremusi amene anali oopsa kwa anthu wamwamuna. Chaka chimodzi zoterezi chiwerengero cha amuna ziwonjezeke kwa 40 peresenti. Ayi, majeremusi ndipo anakhala pomwepo moyandikana, iwo sanali agulugufe kale choletsa. Kotero izo zikuwoneka ngati kusanduka ndi.

malamulo:

• mlingo wa kusanduka sali yemweyo;
• mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano kumachitika m'njira yosavuta;
• panali milandu kusanduka regressive;
• kusanduka ili chifukwa zinthu zina (kusintha, kusankha zamoyo, kulowerera majini).

zinthu zamoyo zinachita

Tinaphunzira kuti zinthu izi zamoyo ndi chofunikira ake. Tiyeni tsopano kulankhula za zinthu. Adalandiridwa chifukwa cha kuphunzira ndi systematization a chidziwitso anasonkhanitsa za kusanduka. Basi kotero inu mukhoza kuwona ndi kumvetsa mphamvu galimoto kuti kulola osiyanasiyana (zochepa ndinazolowera kupulumuka) kukhala pa dziko lathuli.

Choncho, pali zinthu zitatu zikuluzikulu zokha:

• kusintha ndondomeko ;
• mafunde anthu;
• okanidwa magulu.

mtundu wosankhidwa

Kulankhula kwa zinthu, tingasiyanitsire angapo mitundu ya kusankha zamoyo :

• wosasunthika;
• galimoto;
• zosokoneza.

Yoyamba umalimbana kukhalabe mtendere wa mtundu makamaka. Taganizirani chitsanzo cha mpheta. Patachitika namondwe woopsa 136 mbalame kufa apezeka. 64 a iwo anafa, monga chinali ndi mapiko kapena yochepa kapena yaitali. Anthu ndi kukula pafupifupi anapulumuka, monga anaonekera kukhala cholimba.

Cholinga limapezeka motere: kutha kwa miyendo njoka kapena maso nyama phanga, zala ungulates ndi zina zotero. Umene ndi thupi (kapena mbali zake) amene sayenera nyama, chabe kusiyiratu.

Chitsanzo cha kusankha zinthu zosokoneza akhoza nkhono (kapena m'malo mtundu wawo). Ngati dothi bulauni, chipolopolo ndi zofiirira kapena wachikasu kulocha.