Chibadwa. somatic masinthidwe

Kafukufuku - ndi kugonjetsedwa genotype kutembenuka, amene akutenga malo mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe kunja kapena mkati. terminology anali akufuna ndi Hugo De Vries. njira imene kusintha kumachitika amatchedwa mutagenesis. Kenako m'nkhani tikambirana chikhalidwe cha mfundo za kusintha anali anapeza kuti kusintha somatic.

terminology

Somatic kusintha - ndi kusinthidwa wa jini maselo ena mu nthawi ya chitukuko munthu wa chamoyo. Poyamba tinaona kuti genotype kusintha ambiri amapezeka makamaka pamaso kupanga okhwima kapena nyongolosi maselo embryonic kwenikweni mlingo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuti limasinthira germline kulengedwanso ndi maselo onse, amene anapanga pa chitukuko cha zygote lapansi. Iye adaoneka pabodzi nawo kusintha gametes koyamba. Masiku ano anthu ambiri mfundo za chiyambi cha zosintha genotype nthawi iliyonse ya chitukuko munthu wa chamoyo.

Kusintha zomera

Science kale kutsimikiziridwa kuti mbewu somatic kusintha kumachitika kawirikawiri ndithu. Chitsanzo ndi Mphukira-kusintha, omwe anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndi Darwin. kusintha zimenezi zikuchitika nthawi zambiri mu mitengo ya zipatso ndi zomera yokongola, ndipo ntchito amapeza mitundu yawo yatsopano. zosiyanasiyana maapulo, malalanje, ndi zipatso zina zosiyanasiyana akhala akamagwira anapeza munthu wina nthambi kuti ankatsutsa mtengo lonse. Izi zikhoza kukhala kusasitsa liwiro, ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe, ndi nambala ya zipatso. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira autonomic nthambi, mitengo akhoza zopezera ndi makhalidwe ofanana a mbali kholo. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pachiyambi chiyambi chake iwo ali ochokera kusintha kwa maselo chachikulu pa mfundo kukula. Zochokera chakuti zomera ndi njira zosiyana kwambiri mu Chiyambi chake, mfundo zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kubereka nthawi masinthidwe vegetative. Izi ndi zotheka pamene kusintha atagonjetsa subepidermal wosanjikiza, monga anapanga therefrom maselo nyongolosi. Chifukwa, mbewu yomweyo akhoza kukumana onse kusinthidwa osati anakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa minofu, kusiyana wina ndi mzake.

Transformation nyama

Nyama, palibe kubalana vegetative ndipo zosonyeza momwe germinal. Choncho, mawu akuti "somatic masinthidwe" pa iwo sikawirikawiri ntchito. The chibadwa cha kwambiri anaphunzira njira zina, kotero inu mukhoza kuona ndi zosintha zimenezi. Chotero ntchentche Drosophila anafotokoza. Yaimuna Mwachitsanzo, anapezeka osiyana ndi ena mwa mtundu kapena mawonekedwe zina thupi kapena ziwalo.

masinthidwe Somatic anthu

Zosintha zimachitika maselo diploid. Choncho, kusinthidwa kumachitika kokha pamaso pa majini lalikulu ndi recessive ili boma homozygous. masinthidwe Somatic anthu mwachindunji amadalira nthawi ya asayembekezere. The kale mu chitukuko cha kusintha jini zidzachitika, maselo zogwirizana zowawa. Pankhaniyi zomwe, masinthidwe somatic zingaoneke anthu? N'zochititsa chidwi si anatsimikizira. Mwina ndondomeko izi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mtundu wa Iris diso, alibe zilonda, ndi ena. Komano, kukula kwa zotupa zilonda Mwachitsanzo, makamaka bwanji carcinogens, makamaka zoipa zomwe - cheza ndi mankhwala.

aberrations chromosomal

Pansi tanthauzo limeneli, iwo ankadziwa kusintha mu dongosolo khromozomu. Somatic kusintha komanso zimachititsa ndondomeko imeneyi. Mu chochitika cha kusintha jini pa siteji oyambirira chitukuko mulole maonekedwe bilyateralnyh Zithunzi. Iye ndi theka limodzi la thupi lalikulu khalidwe ndi zina - ndi recessive. Mu nkhani ya DNA kugonana anapanga ginandromorfy ndi theka mwamuna ndi zizindikiro wamkazi. Somatic kusintha ndi kudzipatula lathunthu njira germinal amakhudza mbali zina za maselo nyongolosi. Chifukwa, kuoneka ena mbewu mawonekedwe a kusinthika achikalekale. Komabe, zodabwitsazi ndi osowa kwambiri. Kwenikweni, kusintha kwa majini sapezeka mbewu. Amadziwika kuti mowiriza somatic kusintha - ndi osowa kwambiri. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo zosiyanasiyana, izo nakweza cha zinthu zomwezo monga germinal, ndicho X-ray. Mutabelnosti jini amachititsa zochitika zambiri. Zomera, mwachitsanzo, izi monga akuda, variegated, ndi mtundu kusintha mbali zina za chinthu. Anthu, monga zanenedwa pamwambapa, musati ndendende kutsimikiziridwa zotsatira ndi zotsatira za masinthidwe somatic. Komabe, zikhoza kapadera kuti chimenechi cha zithunzi ndi mbali asymmetric monga maso mumtundu, malo awo, mtundu, ndi ena. Panopa anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za masinthidwe somatic mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilonda chikhalidwe cha chotupa cha. Komanso, yesani kupeza kugwirizana ndi chromosomal aberration. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuwonjezeka DNA, ndi ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa ndi Kupha kwawo. Komabe, izi ziri chabe. umboni Scientific kuti alipo, ndi cytology analibe kuwululidwa.