Bernard Shaw: yonena, ntchito, ntchito

Kumalire a XIX-XX zaka mabuku dziko anayamba kutuluka mitundu khalidwe wonse watsopano ndi mitu. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa mabuku a m'zaka za latsopanoli kuti atchulidwa anali tsopano si anthu, ndi malingaliro, iwonso gulu mwakhama kanthu. Olemba woyamba amene anayamba kulemba "sewero maganizo" anali H. Ibsen, Chekhov, ndipo, ndithudi, Shaw. Potengera zimene zinachitikira makolo awo zolembalemba, Shaw anatha nawo chilengedwe cha dongosolo ndi atsopano kotheratu kwambiri.

zokhudza mbiri

Dzhordzh Bernard Shou, dziko otchuka Wolemba wina anabadwa July 26, 1856 ku likulu la Ireland - Dublin. Ngakhale mwana, Anasonyeza kusakhutira zawo ndi chikhalidwe dongosolo maphunziro, zomwe kwambiri anakana, ndipo anayesera nthawi zambiri kuthera kuwerenga. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, mwachitsanzo. E. Mu 1871, anayamba ntchito kalaliki, ndipo mu 1876 anapita ku England, angakhale kuti mtima nthawi zonse a Ireland. Makamaka kuwonetseredwa ndale ndi chikhalidwe kusiyana, amene anathandiza wolemba wamng'ono chiphwanye khalidwe ndi kusonyeza mikangano yonse ya m'tsogolo kumuvutitsa ntchito.

Cha m'ma 70s 'Shaw tinaganiza tsogolo langa ndipo anasankha mabuku monga ntchiyo. Mu 80s anayamba ntchito nyimbo wotsutsa, zolembalemba ndemanga ndi zisudzo ndemanga. Bright ndi choyambirira nkhani yomweyo chidwi mwa owerenga.

Tengani cholembera

Ntchito yoyamba wolemba - buku limene amayesetsa kukhala yekha njira yake yeniyeni ndi zambiri paradoxes ndi zithunzi mwatsatanetsatane. Kale pa nthawi ntchito za George Bernard Shaw kuti, kani, ndi oyamba zolembalemba zina zachidule, ndi chinenero moyo kukambirana chidwi otchulidwa losaiwalika, zonse ndi zofunika kukhala wolemba kwambiri.

Mu 1885, Bernard Shaw, yemwe amaseweretsa anakhala katswiri zambiri, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa mankhwala "Nyumba wamasiye," chomwe chinali chiyambi cha seweroli ku England.

maganizo chikhalidwe

yofunika kwambiri bwanji ngati wolemba anagwira maganizo ake zandale ndiponso. Mu zaka 80 iye anali membala wa Fabian anthu. Mfundo ankalimbikitsa ndi ubale, losavuta kumvetsa, ngati inu mukudziwa kumene kunali dzina lake. ammudzi chikutchedwa wa asilikali achiroma Fabius cunctator, amene adzawina wolamulira wankhanza wa Carthaginian Hannibal ndendende chifukwa anakhoza kudikira ndi kusankha nthawi yoyenera. Ife anatsatira machenjerero omwewo ndi Fabians, amene adalipo kudikira mpaka kudzakhala kotheka kuti aphwanye bizinesi.

Bernard Shaw, amene ntchito ukunenedwa kutsegula owerenga mavuto atsopano a nthawi yathu, anali kutsatira odzipereka kwa kusintha mu dera lawo. Iye ankafuna kusintha osati anaumitsa maziko a bizinesi, komanso kuti zonse luso paluso kwambiri.

Bernard Shaw ndi Ibsen

N'zosatheka kukana chakuti bwanji ndi kukolezera wokhulupirika talente Ibsen a. Iye imayendetsedwa maganizo a Wolemba wina wa ku Norway pa ndisinthe mabuku pano. Komanso, Shaw ankachita nawo propaganda yogwira maganizo a fano lake. Mu 1891, anakhala wachilembo cha buku la "Quintessence ibsenizma", limene likuwonetsa amadana wa bourgeois lzhemorali ndi kudzipereka kwa chiwonongeko cha zolinga onyenga.

Malinga Shaw, Ibsen luso akuwonetseredwa mu chilengedwe cha mikangano achiwawa ndipo pali wololera, kukambirana wosakhwima. Ndi kuyamika Ibsen, Chekhov ndi Shaw mtsutso wakhala mbali ya seweroli.

"Akazi Warren a Kulengezedwa"

Mmodzi wa masewero otchuka kwambiri a wolemba ndi Zotengera oipa a zamunthawi ya Victoria England. Komanso Ibsen, Shaw limasonyeza kuti zikusiyana kwambiri pakati maonekedwe ndi zoona, kunja olemekezeka ndi nullity lamkati la akatswiri awo.

Home atenge heroine - msungwana wa ukoma zosavuta, chimene chingalowe kupulumutsa likulu kwambiri mothandizidwa ndi luso lake. Amayesa kupereka zifukwa mwana wake, amene sadziwa za gwero la ndalama banja, Akazi Warren imakamba umphawi wadzaoneni umene iye anali kukhala patsogolo, kukangana kuti ali anamukankhira iye kwa moyo. Wina akhoza tiyeni tikambirane mtundu umenewu sangathe kubwera kulawa, koma Bernard Shaw anafotokoza kuti owerenga kuti Akazi Warren anali atavutika ndi zipangizo wosalungama anthu. wolemba samakuweruza khalidwe lake, chifukwa iye anangopita pa za anthu, limene limanena kuti njira zonse zimene zili zabwino kwa phindu.

Poyang'ana m'mbuyo, mawunikidwe zikuchokera, amene anabwereka kwa Ibsen Shaw, apa anazindikira mwa chiwembu ake muyezo: choonadi cha moyo wa Akazi Warren, akutsegula pang'onopang'ono. Kumapeto zikuluzikulu sewerolo ndi kukambirana pakati pa mbali yaikulu ndi mwana wake, amene fano anali kuyesa loyamba wolemba kusonyeza kuti ngwazi positive.

Ndimasewera kwa Oyeretsa

masewero ake onse wolemba m'magulu atatu: zosangalatsa, zosasangalatsa, ndi Oyeretsa. Zosasangalatsa masewero wolemba ayesera amasonyeza mawonetseredwe lowopsya la zinthu zokhudza England. Zosangalatsa, m'malo mwake, anali kuchereza owerenga. Masewero kwa Oyeretsa cholinga poyera mtima wolemba kwa lzhemorali boma.

Mawu a Bernard Shaw za masewero ake kwa Oyeretsa ananena m'mawu oyamba m'buku lakuti, lofalitsidwa mu 1901. Mlembi amanena kuti iye anali munthu wachinyengo ndi sakuopa kusonyeza maganizo, koma ndi mfundo za zochitika ndiponso zochita zonse za anthu otchulidwa kukonda zolinga zawo. Ngati mutsatira mfundo imeneyi, malinga Wolemba wina, palibe amene angathe kukhala olimba mtima, mtundu kapena wopatsa ngati sali mu chikondi.

"Mtima House"

The kusewera "mtima House", olembedwa kumapeto kwa First World nkhondo, amalembedwa nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko zikusonyeza kulenga. Amachititsa zinthu kuweruza chi makhalidwe wolemba kuvala anzeru English. Kuti atsimikizire mfundo imeneyi kumapeto kwa sewerolo pali chithunzi wophiphiritsa wa sitima kuchoka, zomwe amayandama mu mdima ndi kapitawo, amene anapuma pa mlatho mkulu wake, ndi amene anasiya gulu lake mu wodikira osayanjanitsika tsoka.

Mu sewero ili, Bernard Shou, yonena mwachidule zomwe zikusonyeza kudzipereka kwake kwa wamakono wa dongosolo mabuku, zovala Kuzindikira zovala zatsopano ndi kuupereka zinthu zina zapadera. wolemba akutembenukira kwa zopeka, ikuimira grotesque zophiphiritsa ndale ndi nzeru za anthu. zinthu Kenako grotesque ndi zilembo kuti kusonyeza mitundu wosangalatsa luso images, akhala mbali ya sewero wake, ndipo makamaka kuonekera mu Zotengera ndale. Iwo amatumikira kutsegula maso athu owerenga masiku ano zinthu zoona mu chilengedwe ziliri ndale.

The subtitle a wolemba amatanthauza sewero lake "zongopeka kalembedwe Russian pa English mitu" zimasonyeza kuti anali ngati chitsanzo cha sewero Tolstoy ndi Chekhov. Bernard Shaw, amene Mabuku umalimbana kuvumbula mkati zimbudzi ngwazi za Chekhov ikufotokoza miyoyo yosweka mitima zisudzo la buku lake, amene mosaganizira sitisokoneza cholowa chikhalidwe cha mtundu.

"The Apple Ngolo"

Mu umodzi wa masewero wake wotchuka - "The Apple Ngolo" - Wolemba wina amatiuza za maonekedwe a zinthu umoyo ndale ku England, wachitatu loyamba la XX atumwi. Mfundo yaikulu ya sewerolo - kukambirana za anthu andale, Mfumu Magnus ndi nduna. Atumiki, omwe anasankhidwa ndi anthu, T. E. Mu njira voti, amafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu malamulo a dziko lino boma la boma, pamene Mfumu litsimikizira kuti mphamvu zonse boma anali yekha boma. Zokambirana ndi satirical parody mchitidwe amalola olemba kusonyeza mtima wawo woona kwa mabungwe a boma ndi kufotokoza amene amalamulira dziko kwenikweni.

Bernard Shaw, amene yonena imalemba kunyoza ake onse ndi mphamvu yankhanza amafuna kuchitira anthu choonadi kumbuyo boma la nkhondo, osati kokha mu nkhondo pakati autocracy ndi kvazidemorkatii, komanso mu "plutocracy." Malinga ndi wolemba, mawu akuti "plutocracy," akutanthauza chodabwitsa kuti pansi pa amati kuteteza demokalase, anawononga ufumu ndi demokalase yokha. Izo zinachitika, ndithudi, osati popanda thandizo la anthu olamulira, monga Bernard Shaw. Quotes ntchito zake zitha kulimbikitsa mfundo imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo: "Mfumu - izi ndi yabwino kukhazikitsa gulu la rogues bwino kutsogolera dziko, ntchito mfumu monga zidole," - anati Magnus.

"Pygmalion"

Zina mwa ntchito kusonyeza zaka chisanadze nkhondo, chionekera sewero lanthabwala "Pygmalion." Polemba chidutswa, wolemba anauziridwa ndi nthano zakale. Zimatanthauza zosemasema dzina lake Pygmalion, amene anagwa mchikondi ndi fano analenga yekha ndipo anafunsa wamkazi Aphrodite kutsitsimutsa nyama, ndiye wodabwitsa makatuni fano anakwatiwa ndi mlengi wake.

Shaw analemba Baibulo amakono linayamba, imene anthu waukulu si nthano chabe, ndi anthu wamba, koma cholinga mofanana: wolemba polishes chilengedwe chake. Paudindo Pigmalona pano ndi Professor Higgins, amene akuyesa kupanga dona kuchokera Eliza simpleton, koma chifukwa cha iye Chezetsedwa mwachibadwa ake, kusintha kwa bwino. Pamene funso n'lakuti kuti amene ali woyambitsa wa otchuka awiri, ndi amene cholengedwa, ngakhale mlengi chachikulu, ndithudi, anakhala Bernard Shaw.

Wambiri Eliza lililonse ndithu oimira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo zotsatira phonetics pulofesa Higgins akufuna ake kuiwala kuti anali otchuka kale, ndipo anakhala dona yapamwamba. Chifukwa, "ziboliboli" anachita izo. Mozizwitsa kusintha kwa protagonist Shaw anafuna kusonyeza kuti kwenikweni, palibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu osiyana siyana. Munthu aliyense akhoza kukhala ali ndi kuthekera, vuto ndi chokha chakuti palibe njira kukhazikitsa mu strata osauka anthu.

Pomaliza

Bernard Shaw, zilembedwe za ntchito imene amadziwika kuti munthu aliyense ophunzira, kwa nthawi yaitali akhoza kukwaniritsa kuzindikira ndi anakhalabe mu mithunzi, chifukwa ofalitsa anakana kufalitsa ntchito yake. Koma ngakhale zopinga zonse anatha kukwaniritsa wake ndi kukhala mmodzi wa playwrights yotchuka kwambiri ya nthawi zonse. Kukhumba, lomwe posapita nthawi kudzachitika, ngati kuti asiye njira yoyenera, anakhala leitmotif wa English Wolemba wina kwakukulu kwambiri, zinamupatsa osati kulenga chilengedwe wapamwamba kuposa aliyense, komanso kukhala sewero tingachipeze powerenga.