Apology - ndi chilichonse Protection

Mu wakale Greek mawu "apologia" - chochitira ndi kanthu kwambiri. Pamene akuti adayamba ntchito m'chilamulo Greek, ndipo yafika kutanthauza mawu chitetezo, analankhula mu khoti. Kenako, chirichonse chimene akanatha kukhala chitetezo atamunamizira ndi matenda, kalata kapena mutu anadziwika monga kupepesa.

metamorphosis akuti

Mwachionekere, amalimbikitsa achangu, kutamanda makhalidwe abwino a kasitomala wake, ndipo masiku ano mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena kuti chitetezo olimbanawo kapena kutamanda kwambiri. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mawu akuti "apologia" ambiri ataya tanthauzo la poyamba ndipo anapeza ofanana monga kudzikweza, ndiponso ngakhale zahvalivanie alliluyschina, koma chabe osyasyalika wandiweyani. Mwatsoka, ziyenera kuti chitetezo olakwika zinachitika nthawi zonse, kuyambira nthawi makedzana masiku ano.

Adziteteze kwa Socrates

Nkhani choona chodziwika kuti ntchito mawu amenewa tanthauzo lowona - ngati chowiringula. Pankhaniyi, kupepesa - ndi atatu wotchuka mawu a Socrates, chonenedwa ndi iye mu chaka 399 BC pa bwalo, pamene iye mlandu onse machimo chivundi, zomwe zinachititsa aphedwa chitaperekedwa. Socrates, amene amaonedwa nzeru zapamwamba woyamba, anali munthu msanga. Ambiri otchedwa akatswiri a Greece wakale sanamvetse iye ndi podziwa chapamwamba cha zinadana. Chete nditaona chikhalidwe kulankhulana anawatsogolera mu atikhaulitse. Iye mlandu impiety ndi kuipitsa achinyamata ndi maganizo awo. Komanso kunyada imfa ndi mmkudzionetsera erudition. Ngakhale adzaupereka kwa Socrates famously kuti yekha amadziwa kuti amadziwa kanthu. Ndipo mawuwa si monama onyoza. Ndi mawu chakuti dziko ndi nzeru zopanda malire ndi kuti timamvetsetsa a umunthu wake, ngakhale tchire sangakwanitse.

irritant ulemu

Pa mayesero, nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri sanali kupempha chifundo, zinthu modzikuza modekha ndiponso kuletsedwa milandu onse, omwe anali negligible, zilibe umboni ndi kupusa. Sititha mokwanira kukangana ndi Socrates, anaganiza kuti athana. Iye anafera m'ndende chifukwa poizoni. Anakhalabe waluntha mndandanda wa ophunzira ndi otsatira, kuphatikizapo lodziwika bwino Plato. "Apology" - mmodzi wa oyambirira a ntchito zake, zimene sizinalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a kukambirana. Iye anali ndi zaka 30 wamng'ono kuposa mphunzitsi , namlambira iye. Mokhudza accusatory ntchito imene Plato akuitana zokumbira zokumbira, akutsimikizira wathunthu kugwedezeka, mediocrity ndi kulephera Maloya - Mileto, Anita, Likoni.

Woyenera atangokanidwa wophunzira

Dzina lolondola Malemba, lolembedwa ndi Plato atangobadwa mayesero (396 BC), kutchedwa "Apology ya Socrates". Mwachidule akhoza kulakalaka wolungama ndi wosalakwa ndi kuteteza mphunzitsi wamkulu wa milandu iye kumunamizira anafotokoza. Ananenanso parses mawu, Socrates anati pa bwalo, kuvomereza kuti anati wafilosofi kwambiri. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba ya malemba zilipo za Plato. Mwina kudziŵika kuti palibe mawu kukhudzidwa sipezeka, koma zikalata za ndondomeko ya mboni zikuonekeratu kuti sanapatsidwe chidwi chirichonse kwa mfundo ndi woyeneradi kuukira onse anali opanda pake kapena zachinyengo.

sayansi

Koma pali matanthauzo ena mawu. kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuti walandira mu chipembedzo, makamaka Chikristu cha. Amadziwika kuti chikhulupiriro ichi ndi kovuta kunena ndipo panatenga kwambiri za inalowa wa akuvutika ndi zokometsera ambiri ku pomenyana ndi adani. Mu mtsempha ichi, kupepesa - ndi chitetezo cha moyo wachikhristu. Choncho angatchedwe ntchito iliyonse zifukwa chikhulupiriro chawo mwa Khristu. Koma m'njira yopapatiza ya kupepesa amatchedwa Mabuku a oyambirira Chikhristu (II-III m'ma). Chifukwa cha nkhondo anali lonse sayansi zokhudzana ndi kuteteza chikhulupiriro ichi, ndipo amatchedwa apologetics. Mwachibadwa, zokometsera odzipereka otchedwa Kuikiradi. Kenako, mawu amenewa ntchito kwa anthu adera achangu kuteteza chilichonse. Adani a Chikhristu nthawi mapangidwe ake zinali zokwanira - akuluakulu a Roma, Ayuda, zokometsera wa zipembedzo zakale, anthu ndi chitetezo cha chikhulupiriro nascent anali ikuchitika m'madera amenewa. M'zaka zimenezi kulimbana zinachitikadi mothandizidwa ndi timapepala ndale. Choncho wakale apologia - ndi utolankhani.

Ntchito ya wazambiriyakale French

Nkhani ndi ntchito zina amadziwika pansi pa dzina ili. Mwachitsanzo, "Apology wa mbiri," Marc Bloch (1886-1944), mbiri French, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa magazini wotchuka "Annals" ndi dzina womwewo wa sukulu imene limafotokoza maganizo ake pa mbiri sayansi, ndi kupanga njira zatsopano phunziro ake. Mu "mbiri Apology kapena luso la wazambiriyakale" wake, lofalitsidwa mu 1986, wolemba amaona munthu nthawi kufotokoza mfundo yakuti maganizo a anthu zimasiyanasiyana zaka ndi zaka mchikakamizo cha zifukwa zambiri, ndiko kuti, kuyang'ana pa mwambo omwewo mbiri kusinthidwa pa nthawi, ndi azambiriyakale, mfundo imeneyi iyenera n'komwe. Poti amayandikira zotsatirazi: chidziwitso cha m'mbuyomu ayenera moyo wa mibadwo tsogolo labwino.

ntchito zosayembekezereka

Mawu akuti "kupepesa" angapezeke mu malo mosayembekezeka. "Mkwiyo" - wotchuka timasewero kusewera masewera, amene ndi RPG (masewera pa ndime) ndi njira zinthu. "Mkwiyo" - ndi zopeka chilengedwe ndi mbiri yake. The storyline chiri motere: kamodzi pa chilengedwe umodzi anawonongedwa ndi nyenyezi anagundidwa ndi wotukuka Sarnaut unagawanika mu zidutswa osiyana (Wamkulu chiwonongeko). Astral zimatenga izi Mirka. Akamanena za "Mkwiyo" - kusunga wotsalayo. Onse Ukali cholukanalukana makonde. Kusewera ndi chiyambi cha nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi nkhani yatsopano. Choncho, Russian Seva munalidi gulu "Apology" anayamba kupanga osati kale. "Mkwiyo" - mankhwala zoweta, analengedwa ndi "Niva", amene anaonekera zaka ziwiri Google. Nivalom (mapulogalamu zoweta masewera a pakompyuta), zochokera dziko lonse la "Mkwiyo" zinalembedwa masewera monga "Ataye mu Astral," "Wotembereredwa Lapansi" ndi "Nthano Ukali".