Benzene - ndi ... structural kachitidwe, katundu ndi kupanga benzene

A pawiri monga benzene, Ms. Chemistry pa munda wake potsiriza anagula okha 1833. Benzene - pawiri kuti ali aafupi kupsa mtima, tikhoza kunena, ngakhale zachiwawa. Monga tinapeza?

nkhani

Johann Glauber anacheukira anthu a kulumikizana mu 1649, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa bwinobwino pamene sayansi zikugwira processing wa malasha phula. Koma ankakonda kukhala incognito.

Pambuyo 170 zaka, ndi zina zambiri yeniyeni, m'ma makumi za m'ma XIX, ndi mwayi wotsegula gasi, ndicho ku kulekanitsidwa condensate yotengedwa benzene. Choncho khama la anthu alitcha kuti Michael Faraday, wasayansi ku England.

The ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera kwa kupeza benzene intercepted German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Izi zimachitika pamene processing wa zapita anhydrous benzoic asidi asidi kashiamu salt. Mwina Choncho, takupatsani kulumikiza dzina - benzene. Komabe, njira, asayansi kuzitcha izo mafuta. Zofukiza, ngati mu Arabic.

Benzene zokongola ndi yowala anayatsa, mogwirizana ndi ndemanga zimenezi Ogyust Loran analangiza kuitana wake "tsitsi" kapena "benzene". Wowala - ngati anamasuliridwa kuchokera Greek.

Potengera maganizo a Linus Pauling, lingaliro la chikhalidwe la mauthenga pakompyuta, makhalidwe a benzene, wasayansi anapereka pawiri molekyulu motere. hexagon izi. Iwo alembedwa bwalo. Tatchulazi zikusonyeza kuti umphumphu wa mtambo amagetsi a benzene, amene bwinobwino anatsiriza asanu ndi limodzi (mosachotsera) mpweya mkombero. Angongole ubale bayinare ali anaona.

Ndi benzene kale ntchito ngati zosungunulira ndi. Ndipo kwenikweni, monga iwo amati, sankachita nawo, Ine sankachita nawo. Koma ndi m'zaka za m'ma XIX. M'zaka XX zasintha kwambiri. benzene katundu kusonyeza makhalidwe chidali chimene chinamuthandiza kukhala ndi wotchuka kwambiri. The octeni chiwerengero, zimene zinaonetseratu mkulu, anapereka mwayi ntchito monga zinthu mafuta ayambe magalimoto. Zimenezi ndi kutsogolera kuchotsa kwambiri benzene, m'zigawo zake ikuchitika monga yachiwiri mankhwala opanga coking zitsulo.

Ndi makumi anai m'munda wa mankhwala benzene anayamba kudyedwa kupanga zinthu mwamsanga amaphulika. XX m'ma korona yekha kuti makampani kuyenga zachitika monga benzene, amene wakhala kupereka makampani mankhwala a.

benzene Mbali

chimasanduka Unsaturated ofanana kwambiri benzene. Mwachitsanzo, hydrocarbon ya ethylene mndandanda amadziwika wokha ngati hydrocarbon unsaturated. Iwo amakhala ndi kuwonjezera anachita. Benzene mosavuta amalowa zochita M'MALO. zikomo onsewa maatomu omwe ali mu ndege yomweyo. Ndipo ngati mfundo - conjugated elekitironi mtambo.

Ngati njira alipo mu benzene mphete, ndiye munthu angathe kudza kwa mapeto zofunika kuti - benzene, structural chilinganizo cha loyang'ana ndendende.

thupi katundu

Benzene - madzi amene alibe mtundu, koma ali ndi fungo Kalanga. Benzene chimasungunula pamene kutentha ukufika 5,52 madigiri Celsius. Zithupsa pa 80,1. Kachulukidwe ndi 0,879 g / masentimita ^3, ndi molar misa wofanana 78,11 g / mol. Mu kuyaka amasuta kwambiri. Iwo amapanga mankhwala zachiwawa, pamene mpweya likulowerera. Breakers organic mitundu (benzene, efa, etc.) ndi mankhwala zinalongosoledwa chikugwirizana popanda mavuto. Iwo amalenga azeotropic pawiri ndi madzi. Kutentha isanafike vaporization limapezeka pa madigiri 69.25 (91% benzene). Pa madigiri 25 Celsius akhoza zidzasungunuka mu madzi 1,79 g / L.

katundu mankhwala

Benzene ali anachitira ndi asidi sulfuric acid nitric. Komanso ndi alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. M'MALO anachita - kuti ndi osamvetseka kwa iye. Kutentha amakhudza kuthamanga yojambula benzene mphete chimene chimafika mu zinthu mwachilungamo nkhanza.

Aliyense aone kuti pali zimene a benzene ife tikhoza kuwona mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Electrophilic M'MALO. Bromo, pamaso pa chothandizira, ndi anachitira ndi chlorine. Chifukwa ndi chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-Timatheriyali anachita kapena alkylation wa benzene. Zikamera wa alkylbenzenes kumachitika chifukwa kugwirizana ndi alkanes, amene halogen ena ofanana:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 Electrophilic M'MALO. Apa ndi zimene nitration ndi sulfonation. Yang'anani benzene aone kuti pali chiri motere:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. benzene pa kuyaka:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

M'mikhalidwe inayake, akusonyeza chikhalidwe chibadidwe chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. U-elekitironi mtambo, chimene chiri mu dongosolo la thunthu mu funso, anafotokoza maganizo ake.

Ndi luso lapadera zimadalira zosiyanasiyana benzene. Choncho kulemba kwa mafuta benzene. Mwachitsanzo, kwambiri mwayeretsa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa kaphatikizidwe wa. Ndikufuna kutsindika mfundo ndi homologues wa benzene, ndipo ngati konkire - katundu wawo mankhwala. Iwo alkylbenzenes.

Homologues wa benzene ndi zambiri amakhala kuyankha. Koma zatchulidwazi zimene benzene, ndicho homologues pochitika ndi kusiyana.

halogenation wa alkylbenzenes

Mawonekedwe aone kuti pali ndi motere:

S6H5-CH3 + br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Chilakolako cha bromine mu benzene mphete si anati. Iye amapita ku unyolo mbali. Koma zikomo mchere chothandizira Al (+3) bromo molimba mtima mphete.

nitration wa alkylbenzenes

Chifukwa zidulo sulfuric ndi nitric, nitrating benzenes ndi alkyl benzenes. Zotakasika alkyl benzenes. mankhwala awiri analandira kuchokera atatu anapereka - ndi para- ndi ortho-isomers. Mungathe kulemba imodzi ya mitunduyi ndi:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Benzene ndi zosayenela. Koma alkyl benzenes anatani mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, asidi benzoic asidi. Ndondomeko ili:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene ndi benzene, hydrogenation wa

Pamaso pa mkuzamawu wa hydrogen akuyamba kuchita ndi benzene, motero anapanga cyclohexane, monga taonera pamwambapa. Mofananamo alkibenzoly seamlessly n'kukhala alkylcyclohexanes. Pakuti alkylcyclohexane kuti akumane ndi kufunika alkyl benzene hydrogenation. Kwenikweni ndi ndondomeko zofunika kwa kupanga mankhwala unalloyed. Ndipo izi si zimene onse benzene ndi alkyl benzene.

Kupanga benzene. makampani

Fundam kupanga otere ofotokoza mfundo yakuti zigawo zikuluzikulu akonzanso: toluene, naphtha phula limene linatuluka pa akulimbana za malasha, ndi zina. Choncho, benzene kamapangikira petrochemical, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono zitsulo. Nkofunika kudziwa osiyana benzene chiyero, chifukwa cha mfundo za ulimi ndi kopita ayenera kugwirizana kwa mtundu wa chinthu.

gawo mkango pali kusintha othandizira mkanda gawo kaustobiolitnoy yophika pa madigiri 65, amene ali ndi zotsatira za Tingafinye distillation ndi dimethylformamide.

Posankha ethylene ndi propylene analandira mankhwala madzi amene anapanga pa oipa mankhwala zochita kupanga ndi organic, mchikakamizo cha kutentha. Awa, benzene mosavuta. Koma, mwatsoka, ndi zopangira chifukwa Baibulo yopanga benzene si kwambiri. Chifukwa ndife chidwi thunthu yotengedwa kukonzanso. Mwa njira yotero kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa benzene.

Ndi dealkylation pa madigiri 610-830 ndi kuphatikiza chizindikiro, pamaso pa nthunzi inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka otentha wa madzi ndi wa hydrogen, zakonzedwa ku toluene, benzene. Pali njira ina - ndi chothandizira. Pamene pamaso pa zeolites zidzachitika, kapena Kapenanso, okusayidi catalysts phunziro kutentha 227-627 madigiri.

Pali wina, achikulire, njira chitukuko benzene. Ndi mayamwidwe chiyambi organic limalephera izo olekanitsidwa zotsatira zake zomalizira za malasha coking. mankhwala chinaperekedwa ku nthunzi mafuta ndi chisanadze kuzirala. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira ya poyamba mafuta, gwero umene uli mafuta kapena malasha. Pamene distillation ikuchitika ndi nthunzi, ndi absorber kulekanitsidwa. Hydrotreating wa benzene yosakongola amathandiza lopanda zinthu zosafunika.

khala phula zipangizo

Mu zitsulo ntchito malasha, ndipo ngati Yeretsani - distillation ake youma anapereka coke. Pa njirayi, okha mpweya okwanira. Musaiwale kuti kutentha 1200-1500 Celsius khala otentha.

Mpweya Chemistry benzene amafuna kuyeretsedwa mokwanira. Muyenera kuchotsa kuvomerezedwa kwa cyclohexane methyl ndi mnzake wa N-heptane. Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka tisatongwa kuchotsedwa. Benzene kukhala ndondomeko olekanitsa, chiyeretso, yomwe idzachitike kangapo.

njira tafotokozazi, wamkulu, koma patapita nthawi amalakatika malo ake okwezeka.

tuzigawo twa mafuta

0.3-1.2% - Chiwerengerochi anali ngwazi wathu mu mafuta Popanda kuchitapo kanthu. ntchito wovutika kuti aganyali ndi ndalama asilikali. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko mafakitale kwa processing wa tuzigawo twa mafuta. Kuti ndi othandizira kusintha. Pamaso pa zotayidwa-pulatinamu-rhenium mkuzamawu kulandira kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa chakudya zonunkhira, ndi kuonjezera chizindikiro liwulo chalakwika musalankhule azinyadira mafuta pa psinjika ake.

pyrolysis utomoni

Ngati ife wachotsa amene sanali mafuta yaiwisi olimba, ndicho ndi pyrolysis chifukwa kupanga propylene ndi ethylene, kuti kuchita zimenezi zingakhale yoyenera kwambiri. Kukhala enieni, benzene anamasulidwa pyrocondensate. Kuwonongeka kwa ena magawo amafuna hydrotreating. Pamene kukonza sulfure ndi unsaturated osakaniza inaimitsidwa. Zotsatira koyamba kwa nkhani taonera xylene, toluene, benzene. Kudzera akuyendetsa amene ali ekstaktivnym, BTK-gulu analandira ndipo anapatukana benzene.

hydrodealkylation wa toluene

Pulayimale Zimphona ndondomeko omwera akulowera hydrogen ndi toluene imayambira mu riyakitala mkangano. Toluene anali anadutsa chothandizira wosanjikiza. Pa ndondomekoyi, gulu methyl ndi wosiyana kupanga benzene. Kuli koyenera njira inayake ya chiyeretso. Chifukwa ndi mkulu-chiyero mankhwala (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

Chifukwa methyl kukana kalasi wapangidwa chilengedwe benzene, xylene ndi oxidized. Mu ndondomekoyi, zinaonetsa transalkylation. kanthu ndi chifukwa catalyzing palladium, pulatinamu ndi neodymium, amene ali pa aluminiyamu lapansi.

The riyakitala kugonjetsedwa ndi mapangidwe chothandizira ndi wa hydrogen umaperekedwa taluol. Cholinga chake - kusunga mafunsidwe pa chothandizira hydrocarbon kutembenuka ndege. Mumtsinje lotulukira pa riyakitala ali utakhazikika ndi wa hydrogen zobwezerezedwanso atachotsedwa bwinobwino. Zotsala, izo otchezedwa katatu. Pa mankhwala koyamba siteji kudzipatula kuti si a onunkhira. The chachiwiri umabala benzene, ndi sitepe lomaliza - ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa xylenes.

trimerization wa acetylene

Chifukwa cha ntchito ya French thupi sayansi Marcellin Berthelot ku acetylene kupanga zitsulo benzene. Koma anayima malo omwera waukulu wa zinthu zina zambiri. funsolo linali zochepetsera kutentha anachita. Yankho chinapezeka okha mu za makumi anai mochedwa za m'ma XX. W. Reppe anapeza chothandizira abwino, iwo anali kukhala ndi faifi tambala. Trimerization - ndi njira yokha kupeza kuchokera benzene acetylene.

benzene mapangidwe amapezeka ndi adamulowetsa makala. Pa ziwawa za kutentha pa khala la akudutsa acetylene. Benzene adzamasulidwa ngati kutentha ndi madigiri osachepera 410. Choncho akadali anabadwa chimasanduka zosiyanasiyana onunkhira. Choncho, muyenera zida zabwino, chimene chingathe acetylene qualitatively bwino. Mu ndi ntchito nthawi yambiri ngati trimerization wa acetylene ankadya kwambiri. Kuti mupeze 15 ml ya benzene, malita 20 akutengedwa acetylene. Mungathe kuona kuti zikuwoneka mu chilinganizo (acetylene, benzene), zimene satenga nthawi yaitali.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky aone kuti pali).

3CH → CH = (T, kat) = C6H6.

Kodi ntchito benzene

Benzene - ndi wotchuka kwambiri brainchild zimapangidwira. Makamaka zambiri zinaonetsa monga benzene analandira utumiki kupanga cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Kulenga styrene ethylbenzene simungakhoze kuchita popanda. Nkhani kuyambira kuti apange caprolactam ndi cyclohexane. Mwa kuonetsa utomoni thermoplastic ntchito caprolactam. Limafotokoza chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kupanga utoto zosiyanasiyana, vanishi.

Koopsa benzene

Benzene - chinthu poizoni. Chiwonetsero cha maganizo a malaise, amene anatsagana ndi kunyansidwa ndi chizungulire - chizindikiro cha poyizoni. Si lilibe ngakhale imfa. Kuona chimwemwe chachikuru - si zochepa Alamu mabelu vuto la poizoni ndi benzene.

Benzene madzi amachititsa khungu likuyabwa. Benzene mabanja mosavuta mkatikati ngakhale kudzera pakhungu wawo. Pa kwambiri yochepa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala mu mlingo kakang'ono, koma nthawi zonse, zotsatira zoipa osati kutenga nthawi yaitali kudikira. Izi zikhoza kukhala mafupa khansa ndi pachimake chikhalidwe cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Pamwamba pa mankhwala kuti ndi osokoneza anthu. Benzene amachita ngati wogulitsa zozunguza ubongo a. Kuyambira utsi fodya akutembenukira dikira mankhwala. Iye anaphunzira code, ndiye anazindikira kuti zili inawo Si bwino kwa anthu. Anapeza kuwonjezera kukhalapo kwa chikonga ndipo ngakhale kukhalapo kwa onunkhira chakudya mtundu benzopyrene. Amadziwika benzpyrene ndi carcinogens. Zotsatira ali zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa khansa.

Ngakhale takambiranazi, benzene ndi chuma kuyambira kwa kupanga asatayike zosiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki, kupanga labala ndipo, ndithudi, inki. Izi ndi mwana ambiri zimapangidwira ndi pawiri onunkhira.