Bartolomeo Rastrelli, wazomangamanga: yonena, ntchito. Smolny Cathedral, ndi Zima Palace, Stroganov Palace

Wazomangamanga Bartolomeo Rastrelli - mlengi wa zosangalatsa nyumba zambiri, wokongola. m'nyumba zake ndi nyumba achipembedzo amenewo akukantha mu mwambo wawo ndi ulemerero, odzikuza ndi regal. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Ndipotu, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, amene yonena ndi chidwi mafani ambiri a zomangamanga ano, analenga ndipo anapanga kwa mafumu.

Mwachidule za ubwana

Anabadwa Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli ku Paris, mwana wa luso ndi odziwika Italy ziboliboli Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Izi zinachitika kalelo mu 1700, pamene France analamulira Louis XIV. Mfumu kwambiri bwalo ziboliboli wake, wamng'ono ubwana Francesco wadutsa mu wokhutira ndi kusasamala.

Mnyamatayo akamakula kufuna kwambiri ndi khama. Iye ankakonda kuchita chinachake ndi manja awo, zinakhala bwanji bambo ake ndi mukhale ndi luso lawo.

Kupita ku Russia

Atamwalira "Sun King" Carlo Rastrelli kalata yoitanidwa ku khoti Russian pa ntchito zaka zitatu mu ufumu wakumpoto. Panthawiyo, chinali chizolowezi ndi luso amisiri kupita kuntchito ku Russia, kotero Rastrelli, Sr., popanda kuganiza kawiri, anasonkhanitsa banja lake ndi kupita ku St. Petersburg.

Capital anakumana alendo bwino. Banjali linakhazikika ku nyumba yake, anali ndi ulemu. Peter Ine, otanganidwa dongosolo la mzinda watsopano, ankachitira ndi amisiri aluso mokoma mtima ndiponso mwaulemu. Iye anaona luso ndi luso akatswiri atapereka malamulo, kenako zabwino, moona achifumu.

Chiyambi cha zilandiridwenso

Kuyambira ndili mwana Bartolomeo Rastrelli ankagwira ntchito yaikulu zodcheskoy motsogozedwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi bambo ake. Mwachitsanzo, iye anali nawo akamaliza ena a m'nyumba ya Prince Menshikov - amphamvu ndi mphamvu njala Mfumu Peter angakuthandizeni.

Woyamba ntchito ndi paokha Bartolomeo Rastrelli (by njira, mu Russia, ndi mmisiri wa mphale akhacemerwa Bartholomew Varfolomeyevich) chinali kumanga atatu storey nyumba ya mwala achilengedwe kwa laulemerero kalonga, States ndi katswiri Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.

The wamanga sanatipatse nyumba yake yoyamba zina zapadera ndi makhalidwe. Ayi, nyumba ya inamangidwa malinga ndi kalembedwe ambiri amavomereza za Peter Ine, zinali chibadidwe mu chidzalo cha buku, momveka wa articulation ndi flatness wa wapakamwa lapansi. kalembedwe anu Rastrelli adzasankha ina.

Mu zaka 1720, ndi aspiring wamanga kangapo anapita ku France ndi Italy kudziwa bwino mumaganiza latsopano mafashoni ndi malangizo luso la nyumba.

kusokonezeka kwa zandale

Mu 1930s oyambirira, pa chiyambi cha ulamuliro Anny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, bambo ake anaganiza kukhazikitsa ubale watsopano ndi Mfumukazi anapita kwa omvetsera ake, kutenga mwana ake ndi kujambula zina zachidule.

Mfumukazi wamng'ono, chopezera mwambo kukongola, mwachifundo anatenga luso mapulani ndi ankawapatsa ulemu kuchita ntchito yomanga nyumba yake. Choncho wamanga achinyamata mwayi kusiyanitsa pamaso mfumukazi ya. Onse ntchito zake ovomerezeka komanso akuyendera.

Yozizira Palace

Mkubwela kwa Anny Ioannovny mphatso wamanga akuyamba ntchito pa moyo wake - anapatsidwa kutsiriza waukulu wachifumu yachifumu ku St. Petersburg. N'chiyani chimachititsa Bartolomeo Rastrelli? The Zima Palace, anamanga mu 1700s oyambirira, Mfumukazi ankaoneka ang'onoang'ono ndi wamba, kotero iye anakondwa anatenga dongosolo wofuna wa wamanga ouziridwa, chimene kunali koyenera kugula kumbuyo anai ataima pafupi ndi nyumba, ndi malo awo kuimiritsa zazikulu nyumba zovuta.

Patapita zaka zingapo nyumbayi inatha, ndipo pamaso pa St. Petersburg anapereka lokha bwino anapanga zinayi nkhani nyumba, wapakamwa ake zinayang'ana Neva Mtsinje, ndipo accommodates zipinda pafupifupi makumi boma pa zana chogona, komanso zisudzo, gallery, yopemphereramo ndi ntchito yambiri ndi kuteteza malo.

yachifumu wakhala skilfully ndi kochulukira chokongoletsedwa, anali ndi mizati wozungulira rusticated ndi ziboliboli pediment, ndi wonse woyamba pansi pa nyumbayo wotanganidwa ndi zomera yaikulu ndi arches.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Rastrelli anayenera kamodzinso kusintha Zima Palace. Izo zinachitika zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, mu ulamuliro wa Elizabeth.

The mfumukazi anapeza malo okhala yaikulu ya Romanovs zauve ndi yosayenera udindo wawo. Iye ankafuna kuonjezera nyumba kukwera ndi kutalika. Kunali kofunika kuwononga nyumba, ndi malo ake kumanga, zoyenerera kwambiri yolandirira atumiki ena ndi a mapwando.

Kapangidwe chidwi chatsopano Zima Palace, yomwe inamangidwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi Bartolomeo Rastrelli? nyumbayi ntchito zipinda mazana khumi ndi asanu ndi chimakwirira kudera la kiyubiki mamita sikisite zikwi.

Palace ndi yaikulu amakona anayi mawonekedwe, wogwidwa mkati unit kutsogolo ndi chachikulu, mwangwiro retracted wapakamwa, amene anali okonzeka ndi mizati ambiri olekanitsidwa ndi mazenera okwanira, casings windo la mosiyanasiyana, Miphika ambiri ndi mafano, pamwamba pa parapets lapansi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti lingaliro lamakono wa Zima Palace, imatchedwanso Hermitage, ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu limafanana ndi ntchito lotsiriza la wamanga kwambiri.

The wamanga kwa Biron

Mu 1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli akuyamba kulankhula kwambiri ndi Biron - amakonda wa Anny Ioannovny. Mu zothandizira mipingo yawo ya uncrowned mfumu lachifumu wamanga wobwezera wamanga wa mfumukazi panopa. Mwa njira, Elizaveta Petrovna, patapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu, amene adadza kwa mphamvu mwa zokhumba yachifumu, akusangalalanso misonkhano ya Rastrelli monga mmisiri wamkulu.

Pakuti Biron wamanga akufotokozera ndipo akuchita ntchito yomanga ndi Mitavsky Rundale zachifumu. Apa, mbuye amalenga lonse kumanga gravitating kwa dongosolo chatsekedwa, m'mene amafotokozera lalikulu ndi elongate lolamulila.

Ndi aliyense luso latsopano kujambula Bartolomeo Rastrelli anayamba ndi zapamwamba, mizere ndi njira akukhala kwambiri pulasitiki ndi mpumulo.

Ntchito kukonzanso. Anichkov Palace

Ndi kufika kwake kwa mkulu wotsatira wa wamanga aluso anayamba kuoneka malamulo chidwi ndi zokoma, mmodzi amene anali akamaliza kumanga pa Fontanka Mtsinje, kuyamba ndi wamanga Zemtsov. Mwanaalirenji nyumba anamangidwa mu kalembedwe Baroque, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga Anichkov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga ndi kuphedwa kwa nyumba zachilendo mawonekedwe a akufanana kalata "H".

Ntchito kukonzanso. Peterhof

Dongosolo lotsatira la Rastrelli anali ziŵalo Peterhof.

Elizaveta Petrovna mtima wanga wonse ndinkafuna kusintha ndi zathu okhala bambo wake anamwalira. Kuchita izi, iye analamula kusunga maonekedwe a kalembedwe nyumba Petro ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi, analamula kupatsa yomanga ukulu zamakono lonse.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli, anali tiwonjezere ndi kusintha zovuta yachifumu, kusiya nyumba yake limaonetseratu chapakati pafupifupi sichinasinthe. M'mbali mwa izo kuzitikita thupi ndi kumanga pavilions latsopano, kulumikiza ndi tambirimbiri zokongola, komanso anamanga pansi wachitatu ndipo anayamba kwabasi dongosolo paki.

Amafotokozera chochititsa chidwi kwambiri a mkati mwa Peterhof - apakati ndi ziwiri kamvekedwe kutsogolo holo masitepe, chokongoletsedwa ndi mapeto wapamwamba.

Apa pali chirichonse - mtengo zinthu gilding ndi kupenta kaso makoma, ndi stucco, matabwa kusema ndi kulipira.

Ntchito kukonzanso. Tsarskoye Selo

Lina lalikulu ntchito yomanga, adali kuti redone, anali chilimwe achifumu zogona ili Tsarskoye Selo. Mfumukazi iye ankaona zachikale kwambiri ndi zazing'ono.

Kodi kusintha ankayenera kupangidwa kuti kusintha Catherine Palace? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kukumana zilakolako za mfumu akupanga kukonzanso kwa Russian kalembedwe Baroque, yosalekerera ndalama ndiponso zinthu zina. Chokongoletsera pamakoma ndi mafano kunja makilogalamu oposa zana la golide.

Mu ndondomeko ya kukonzanso wazomangamanga kunapangitsa staircase chachikulu mu mbali kum'mwera kumadzulo wa nyumba ya kuvumbula akuchedwa wa kufanana pafupi wina ndi mnzake mwambo holo; chinakula m'maenje a mawindo, kupanga sewero olemera kuwala ndi mthunzi; pamakoma chokongoletsedwa ndi stucco ndi ziboliboli azikongoletsa iwo zofewa buluu ndi wolemera mitundu golide. Zonsezi wapereka ndiwotani m'nyumba ya Mfumukazi chikondwerero wapadera ndi mumtima mawu.

ntchito watsopano

Komabe, ntchito mapulani ndi Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli osati malire kwa kukonzanso ntchito yachilendo. The wamanga analenga mwini luso ndi choyambirira zojambula wake, amene anamanga mwanaalirenji ndi nyumba mwambo. Imodzi mwa nyumba zimenezi inali Smolny Cathedral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kukwaniritsa mu zobiriwira ndi artsy Elizabethan Baroque kalembedwe, zokongoletsa ndi gables dormer ndi utoto zofewa kuwala mtundu buluu.

Zovuta nyumba achipembedzo anapanga odabwitsa komanso chapadera. Cathedral anamangidwira zisanu ozungulira, koma ndi mzikiti umodzi (ndi kukula yaikulu) zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi m'kachisi, ena anayi ndi belu.

Wina ntchito luso wa katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi Stroganov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ophatikizana nyumba zitatu mu wapakamwa chimodzi, likulu la amene wakhazikitsa Kukhonde ndi chovala mikono, ndi ikuchitika ambiri chachikulu staircase chokongoletsedwa ndi stucco olemera ndi gilt zidachitidwa zamwano chitsulo ndi zomera lalikulu, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli gilded ndi kalirole yaikulu.

Mkati nyumba linaikidwa lalikulu holo m'dera mamita zana ndi makumi awiri zisanu ndi zitatu lalikulu.

likamalowa zilandiridwenso

Ndi imfa ya Elizabeth kumizidwa mu anaiwalika kumusangalatsa ndi mtengo Baroque kalembedwe, kotero Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ndinali pantchito. Iwo m'malo ndi mabwana watsopano, wodziwa zambiri luso ano. Choperewera malamulo ndi m'mavuto azachuma, okalamba wamanga zokapempha kuti tchuthi ndipo amapita ku Italy, mwaumbanda kuchipatala.

Apa wamanga mwamphamvu kuyang'ana makasitomala, koma izo sizimagwira ntchito. Limodzi ndi izi Rastrelli luso wamva kuti Catherine amagwira ntchito mmisiri wina. Chitaliyana chachikulu chotere amakhumudwa mosanyinyirika ndi penshioni wamakhalidwe mu rubles chikwi.

Pamodzi ndi banja lake (kwa katswiri wa zomangamanga anali mkazi wokondedwa ndi ana awiri) Rastrelli kumanzere Russia. M'njiramo wakumana ndi woyang'anira wake chongochitika kamodzi kokha Biron ndipo anatumiza kwawo kuti kusintha ndi kusintha Courland katundu wa regent wakale wa dziko la Russia Ufumu.

Akuti ntchito lotsiriza la amisiri aluso anakhala ntchito ya Mpingo wa St. Simeon ndi St. Anna, amene anali kuperekedwa kwa mphatso mmisiri panokha Kuŵerenga Panin kupempha malipiro a zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri. Komabe, n'kulemba si kuti n'kofunika kuyankha pempho Rastrelli, ngakhale anamanga mpingo malinga ndi zojambula, pambuyo imfa wamanga a.

masiku otsiriza

The zaka womaliza asanafe imfa yake, wazomangamanga kwambiri unachitikira anaiwalika ndi panokha. Dziko la chisunzo salinso chofunika chilengedwe chake chatsopano, palibe wina adamfunsa Iye za ntchito yatsopano ndi nyumba. N'zomvetsa chisoni ndi ogwetsa whiled kutali masiku awo wojambula luso. Zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri anali moyo pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake.

Olemba mbiri ndiponso otsutsa mpaka mapeto simukudziwa tsiku lenileni la imfa ya Rastrelli. Mwina iye anamwalira mu March-April 1771. malo ake m'manda akadali osadziwika.

Komabe, anasiya kwambiri, wapatali ndi wapamwamba cholowa - ntchito zake zazikulu amene anadutsa zaka masautso. Iwo adakali woyamikiridwa ndi kusangalatsa alendo padziko lonse.