Amoniya njira - kukonzekera ndi ntchito

Asafe (asafe) ali kugwirizana angapo ku hydrogenous (haidrojeni), umene chofunika kwambiri ndi waukulu ammonia. Zasayansi kudakonzedweratu ndi Kutentha chisakanizo cha mankhwala enaake ammonium ndi hydroxide potaziyamu. Mpaka m'ma 19 mochedwa, gawo Chile wa nitrate ndi sodium ankaona yekha gwero la mankhwala Nayitirojeni. Ndiyamika kafukufuku wa sayansi, akatswiri njira zosiyanasiyana mumlengalenga Nayitirojeni fixation anali akufuna. The woyamba anali cyanamide amoniya kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko. Njira imeneyi zinachokera pa katundu wa asafe zolumukizidwa ndi kashiamu carbamide. Chifukwa chaichi, ndi asafe mkangano ndi anadutsa carbide kashiamu:

N2 + CaC2 = CaCN2 + C

The Choncho analandira CaCN2 (kashiamu cyanide) nitrate ntchito ngati manyowa mu ulimi. Kuyenera ananena kuti mankhwalawa pawiri ndi nthunzi kubala amoniya:

CaCN2 + ZN20 = 2NH3 + CaC03

Amoniya kukonzedwa kwa asidi ndi nitrate asafe feteleza. Mu umagwirira amakono ambiri njira ina yodalirika NH3 - kaphatikizidwe wake wa Nayitirojeni ndi wa hydrogen:

1/2 N +3/2 H2 = NH3

amoniya Choncho analandira amatchedwa kupanga. Industrial kaphatikizidwe amoniya ikuchitika pamaso pa chothandizira ndi pa kutentha madigiri 500.

Amoniya - mpweya omwe ali ndi Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala khalidwe fungo, ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya. NH3 sayenera Mpweya kwa nthawi yaitali, chifukwa ndi poizoni. mpweya zimakhalanso mosavuta sungunuka H2O. Loyesayesa amadzimadzi amoniya munali 25% NH3.

Pamene utakhazikika (kwa -79 ° C) yankho la ammonia amadzimadzi amakhala crystalline. maphunziro Scientific asonyeza kuti misa waukulu NH3 mu amadzimadzi njira ndi mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu hydrated (NH3 · nH2O) ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya amoniya kusungunuka (za 0,5%) anachitira ndi madzi:

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + + HA -

Zamchere anachita njira amoniya chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ayoni hydroxide. Pachikhalidwe njira amoniya ndi ikhale NH4OH. The alkalinity wa njira chifukwa cha pamaso pa hydroxyl gulu, amene anapanga chifukwa cha dissociation wa hydroxide ammonium.

Amoniya njira ndi adaponderezedwa m'munsi. Mu Laboratories zina amoniya linakonzedwa ndi Kutentha mankhwala enaake ammonium. Amoniya ndi wokangalika mankhwala pawiri kuti wakwiya ndi zinthu zambiri, pamene kusonyeza kuchepetsa yekha katundu.

Amoniya yotentha ndi mpweya mu kukhalapo kwa lawi enaake achikasu, pamene kukhala oxidized ku Nayitirojeni ufulu. Pamene pamaso pa chothandizira (pulatinamu) · amoniya makutidwe ndi okosijeni akupitiriza mpaka okusayidi ndi Nayitirojeni. Zimenezi ntchito ndondomeko yopangira asidi nitric. Izo ziyenera kuti ambiri amoniya Choncho analandira yaikulu pa ulimi wa feteleza nitrate ndi asidi nitric.

Pa evaporation pa -33,4 ° C madzi NH3 kwa chilengedwe zimatenga kwambiri kutentha, izo zimayambitsa kuzirala. Mundawu ndi ntchito zake mu kachitidwe refrigeration pa ayezi yosungirako yokumba katundu chobvunda chakudya. Nthawi zambiri amoniya madzi ntchito yomanga nyumba mobisa. Yankho amoniya ntchito mchitidwe choyezera, makampani mankhwala, katundu wa m'nyumba, ndi mankhwala.

amoniya njira ntchito. Ntchito ngati zikutanthauza kuti malemeredwe ndi kuchotsa kupuma wa wodwalayo kukomoka. magawanidwe Large wa NH3 zingachititse kumangidwa kupuma. Nthawi zina njira amoniya ntchito monga emetics (10 madontho pa 100 ml madzi). Onani kuti kukonzekera izi mankhwala sangathe ntchito timitu pamaso pa matenda khungu (chikanga, dermatitis). Ngati nthunzi poyizoni wa ammonia madokotala mankhwala nthochi, citrate, tartrate (asidi tartaric) pa 1% ndende. Zochita opaleshoni ntchito amoniya njira (25 ml ya / 5 lita imodzi ya yophika, madzi otentha).