A. S. Pushkin, "The Mkuwa pamahatchi": mbiri ya chilengedwe cha ndakatuloyi

Ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" - ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu kwambiri, zamatsenga ndi zovuta ndakatulo ya Pushkin. Iye analemba mu chaka cha 1833 mu wotchuka Boldin. Ichi ndi malo ndi nthawi anapereka kudzoza zapadera Aleksandru Sergeevichu. Ganizo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" ndi Pushkin bwino analankhula ntchito za olemba amene anali kukhala zaka zambili pambuyo pake, ndipo zoyenera chilengedwe chonse mu malo oyamba, mutu wa St. Petersburg, ndipo kachiwiri, nkhani kugunda lalikulu malingaliro otchuka ndi zofuna za "munthu wamng'ono." Mu ndakatuloyi pali zinthu ziŵiri zotsutsana ngwazi ndi maganizo kwakukulu mkangano pakati pawo.

"The Mkuwa pamahatchi": mbiri ya chilengedwe cha ndakatuloyi

Pa ndakatuloyi, Pushkin ntchito mwakhama ndipo anamaliza mwamsanga - mu masiku makumi awiri ndi asanu chabe October. Nthawi imeneyi kuberekana wa zilandiridwenso Alexander ntchito pa "Mfumukazi ya Spades," iye analemba prose ndi ndime ya nkhani "Angelo". Izi organically zoyenera ndi zidzasintha "The Mkuwa pamahatchi", nkhani ya chilengedwe kumagwirizana osati ndi zolinga zotsimikizika ndi limafotokoza nyengo, komanso ndi nthano zina zimene zachitika padziko munthu wamkulu ndipo mzindawo chifukwa cha chifuniro chake wamkulu.

Kufufuza ndi maganizo kokhudza ndakatulo

"Petersburg nkhani", monga wolemba ali amalembedwa mtundu wanyimbo ake, kupimidwa Mfumu Nicholas Ine anabwerera zolembedwa ndi pensulo kulemba naini. Pokhumudwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi lofalitsidwa lemba la kumayambiriro kwa ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" (mbiri ya nkhani ndakatulo anamufungatira ndi mfundo iyi) ndi wosatsutsika wachabechabe mu zizindikiro malo tsar. Kenako, Pushkin adakali rewrote malo awa, koma kuti tanthauzo anapatsa iwo sanasinthe. Monyinyirika mfumu analola buku la ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi". Mbiri ya mankhwala amagwirizana ndi kuimba otentha mudakhumudwapo padziko ndakatulo pambuyo issuance ake.

The mawonedwe mabuku

Kusamvana sitileka lero. Anatinso kulankhula za magulu atatu a okhulupirira ndakatuloyi. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo ofufuza amene amati "anthu" mbali, amene kumawala ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi". Gulu la otsutsa zolembalemba, kutsogozedwa ndi Vissarion Belinsky atapereka Baibulo kuti ndakatulo Pushkin wakhala woona amapha pa ufulu kuchita zinthu za dziko, nsembe zofuna ndi moyo ndi unobtrusive munthu wamba.

Mchitidwe kutanthauzira

Oyimira a gulu linalo, kutsogozedwa ndi ndakatulo Valeriem Bryusovym, pulofesa Makagonenko ndi olemba ena, kwathunthu amaganiza ndi khalidwe lina - Eugene, ponena kuti imfa ya ngakhale zonyozeka kwambiri mawu a malingaliro a munthu wamphamvu sangathe wolungama ndi zofunika kwambiri. Zimenezi amatchedwa a anthu. Ambiri otsutsa zolembalemba amakonda ndendende amayang'anitsitsa buku "The Mkuwa pamahatchi", nkhani ya ndakatulo, Ndale za amene anayika tsoka la "pang'ono" munthu akudwala zotsatira za volitional chisankho mphamvu chitsimikiziro.

nkhondo wosatha

Oyimira a gulu lachitatu ofufuza anasonyeza dongosolo kukhulupirira za undecidability zomvetsa chisoni za nkhondo. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti Pushkin anapereka cholinga chithunzi cha nkhaniyo mu "The Mkuwa pamahatchi". Koma mbiri yokha waweruza nkhondo yosatha pakati "anamanga zozizwitsa" ndi Peter Wamkulu ndi "osauka" Eugene - wamba mzinda wokhalamo ndi zofuna zake wodzichepetsa ndi maloto. mfundo ziwiri - wamba ndi States - ndi wa ofanana ndipo palibe lonyozeka kwa ena.

The zochitika lowopsya la ndakatuloyi "The Mkuwa pamahatchi"

Mbiri ya ndakatulo, ndithudi, mwamphamvu kupsa mu nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale nthawi pamene analengedwa. Kuti inali nthawi kukanganira za malo a munthu wa mbiri ayambe kusintha kwakukulu tsogolo la anthu wamba. Mutu umenewu ndi wosangalala Pushkin kumapeto kwa 1820. Kukwera umboni zopelekedwa za chigumula chimene chinachitika ku St. Petersburg November 7, 1824, pa nyuzipepala ina iliyonse amasindikizidwa, anzeru ndakatulo ndi woganiza abwera kwa generalizations yaikulu chikhalidwe ndi nzeru za anthu. Khalidwe lalikulu ndi waluso wokonzanso Peter "kuvala Russia pa miyendo yake yakumbuyo," amapezeka mu nkhani ya mavuto enaake a mwana boma Eugene ndi maloto ake yopapatiza zazing'ono-bourgeois chuma chake pang'ono, osati monga mosapita m'mbali kwambiri ndi woyenera apadera. Ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" ndi Pushkin choncho Sichikupezeka kutamanda odic galimoto, kutsegula "zenera Europe".

tisiyanitse Petersburg

Kumpoto Capital adanyamuka chifukwa chosankha dala Tsar Peter Wamkulu pambuyo kugonjetsa asilikali a Sweden. maziko ake ankaufulula kutengera nkhondoyo, kusonyeza ndi mphamvu ya Russia, ndi kutsegula njira kumasula chikhalidwe ndi malonda kuwombola ndi maiko a ku Ulaya. mzinda umene anamva ukulu wa mzimu anthu, akuwonetseredwa mu kwambiri ndiponso zogwirizana maonekedwe a kamangidwe, kulankhula ziboliboli wophiphiritsa ndi zipilala, ndi kwa ife mu nkhani "The Mkuwa pamahatchi." Mbiri ya St. Petersburg zochokera Komabe, osati pa ukulu wa. Omangika pa "dambo blat", amene anaika mafupa a zikwi omanga anonymous mzinda, munayamba m'mlengalenga yolakwika ndipo palibe angazimvetse. umphawi yopondereza, ziwawa imfa, ndi ulamuliro wa matenda ndi chiwerengero cha odzipha - kuti ndi mbali inayo zobiriwira korona likulu panthawi imene analemba za Alexander Pushkin. nkhope awiri a mzinda, ukuonekera kupyolera wina ndi mzake, kulimbikitsa m'nthano zikuluzikulu za ndakatuloyi. "Transparent kusanache" wotumbululuka kuyatsa m'tawuni amalenga anthu kuganiza kuti amakhala mtundu wa malo achinsinsi ndi chophiphiritsa, chimene angathe kudza kwa moyo, ndi mtima yolakwika kusuntha manda ndi mafano. Ndipo uyu, nayenso, Pamlingo waukulu kumafuna mbiri ya "The Mkuwa pamahatchi." Pushkin, wolemba ndakatulo, sanathe kusintha maganizo, amene wakhala kukwaniritsidwa kwa chiwembu. Pa luso dzenje danga buku moyo zikuthamangathamanga m'misewu ozizira m'chipululu cha fano mkuwa kuthamangitsa athedwa pambuyo pa imfa Wokomamtima ndi kusokonekera ankaganizira Eugene.

kulowa lingaliro

Koma pamaso timamva Ndikunjenjemera padziko lapansi ziboda za mahatchi chitsulo, tili ipyole zachisoni ndi champhamvu chimene chinachitika mu zopanda moyo Yevgeny kuti kunditsutsa omanga wamkulu wa chakuti iye waika mzinda pa dziko sachedwa madzi osefukira choopsa komanso kuzindikira yowala ndi kulowa chachikulu, yomwe imatithandiza kumveketsa ndakatulo "The mkuwa pamahatchi".

Petulo anaimirira m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa kuthengo, chimene mafunde akugwedeza bwato ikhoza padziko phokoso wandiweyani nkhalango wachisoni, kwinakwake n'kudziphatika wovutika kanyumba "Chukhontsev". Koma diso maganizo a amene anayambitsa likulu kumpoto kale amaona "mzinda zodabwitsa" amene walandiridwa 'ndi kunyada "ndi" molemera "pa-atavala mu lubwe Neva Mtsinje, mzinda kugwirizana ndi tsogolo la bwino anthu ndi zina zomwe kwambiri. Pushkin sanatchule dzina la Peter - mfumu amatchulidwa ntchito mawu akuti "iye" ndipo anatsindika ambiguity odic kulowa dongosolo. Mu kuona tsiku lina "pano" Russia "kungasokoneze Swede," mtsogoleri wamkulu sakuona lero, "Finland angler" amene anaponya madzi "lakale" khoka awo. Mfumu ikuyamba ndi tsogolo kumene magalimoto akuuzidwa kuti marinas olemera ku ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi, koma sanadziwe aliyense amene amasambira mu kopanda bwato ndipo anakumbatirana mu kwake kawirikawiri pa gombe. Kujambula boma wolamulira kuyiwala za iwo amene analenga. Ndipo ndi zopweteka zikusiyana chakudya lingaliro la ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi". Pushkin, mbiri ya amene sanali chabe Kutolere zikalata archival, koma mlatho, kuponyedwa panopa komanso zam'tsogolo, makamaka zinamvetsa ndi mogwira mtima amapereka mkangano.

Chifukwa wokwera mkuwa anaonekera m'kamwa mwa ndakatulo mkuwa?

Mfundo Inde, osati chakuti olemba za m'ma 19 sitinamuone chidwi zamalankhulidwe kusiyana pakati mkuwa ndi mkuwa. Ukuimira kuti ndi Mkuwa pamahatchi. Mbiri ya kulemba ndakatulo Pankhaniyi merges ndi zophiphiritsa za m'Baibulo. Sichangozi choncho ndi fano la Peter la "fano" ndi "fano" - ndendende mawu omwewo kuti analemba Baibulo, akumawauza wa mwana wang'ombe lomwe, mmalo mwa Mulungu wamoyo ankalambira Ayuda. Apa, fano ngakhale golide, koma mkuwa - kotero wolemba amachepetsa kuwala ndi ulemerero wa fano, lonyezimira akunja zonyezimira apamwamba, koma zinadzala mkati sanakhutitsidwe wapatali. Ndicho chimene subtexts amapuma mbiri ya "The Mkuwa pamahatchi."

Pushkin si amaganiziridwa kumvera chisoni chopanda malire mwayekha lingaliro. Kodi osokoneza Komabe, ubale wake kwa idyll zopeka alembedwera Eugene maloto. Ziyembekezo ndi kukonza zoti "mwamuna wamng'ono" ali kutali Pofunafuna zozama zimene Pushkin anaona sangakwanitse.

The zotsatira za chiwembu ndi denouement

Pambuyo inking kulowa ndi zachitikadi chikondi kwa mzinda wa Pushkin limatichenjeza kuti zambiri tikambirana pa zochitika, "zoopsa." Zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa mwambowu pa kugombe la Gulf wa Finland Petersburg boma Eugene anabwerera kunyumba ukatha msonkhano, ndi maloto a Parasha wake chibwenzi. Ndi izo, iye sanali zoyembekezeka kuona, chifukwa, ngati nyumba yake modzichepetsa, Adzasenza "likuchemerera" madzi "othamanga" Neva. Pamene zinthu chete, Eugene adzaponya pofunafuna wake wokondedwa, ndipo onetsetsani kuti munthu salinso moyo. maganizo ake sangaime amene amadza, ndipo mnyamatayo ati openga. Amayendayenda mzinda nepriyutnomu amakhala chandamale cha ana kunyozedwa m'deralo, amaiwala njira kunyumba. Mu mavuto awo Eugene mlandu mzinda Peter vozvedshego pa malo olakwika, ndipo potero poyera anthu a pangozi. Mosimidwa, wamisala likuoneka fano mkuwa: "Uzho inu .." Pambuyo chikumbumtima chofuna amamva kwambiri, ndi sonorous "skakane" pa miyala yopangira ndi awona akuyenda okwera ndi dzanja lotambasula. Patapita nthawi, Eugene anam'peza atafa kutsogolo kwa nyumba yake ndi kuikidwa m'manda. Choncho mapeto ndakatulo.

Mchitidwe monga ngwazi zonse kunachitika

Kodi ankaimba apa ndi zinthu, zomwe zimadalira pa anthu adzakhala ndi angathe kuwononga zonse pansi? Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira nkhani kuti kugawa anthu, izo zikugwirizana zina zophiphiritsira chabe causal unyolo. Chili awiri a chiwembu cha nkhani - achilendo ndi zoweta - ndi symbolical chochitika. A nkhondo chidwi ankaoneka ndikuutsa mphamvu ya nyengo, imene mawu kunja tsogolo wawononga ndiponso kupewa chimwemwe wa munthu. Maonekedwe a nkhondo imeneyi kwagona kuti kusiyana pakati pa ukulu wa ziwembu kwambiri mphamvu ndi danga zauzimu ndi umunthu wa munthu wamba kuthana, kutseka. Awa ndi mavuto a ntchito Pushkin a "The Mkuwa pamahatchi", nkhani ya chilengedwe cha ndakatulo ndi chiyambi cha lachinsinsi wakuti "St. Petersburg" nkhani komanso mabuku zimene satiate ndiAmene mabuku Russian wa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi zaka makumi awiri.

Ndakatulo ndi chipilala

Kutsegula kwa chipilala kuti Peter Wamkulu pa Senate Square mu St Petersburg zinachitika m'chilimwe mochedwa 1782. Chipilala, chisomo chidwi ndi wopambana, anali ankachitika ndi Catherine II. Pa chilengedwe cha Kukwera Akavalo fano adakangalika French ziboliboli Eten Falkone, Marie-Ann Kollo ndi Russian mbuye Fyodor Gordeyev sculpted mkuwa njoka pansi aukali kavalo ziboda Petrova. Pa phazi la fano anaika monolith, wotchedwa bingu-mwala, kulemera kwake kunali zosakwana tonnes awiri ndi theka (chipilala lonse akulemera pafupi 22 matani). Pa malo mtanda anatulukira ndipo anapeza kuti oyenera chipilala, ndipo mwala mosamala lankhosa kwa miyezi inayi.

Pambuyo buku la ndakatulo Aleksandra Pushkina, ngwazi zomwe ndakatulo wachita ndendende chipilala zimenezi, chosema dzina Mkuwa pamahatchi. Okhala ndi alendo a St. Petersburg ndi mwayi kwambiri kuona chipilala, umene popanda kukokomeza adzatchedwa chizindikiro cha mzinda, pafupifupi labwinobwino mapulani gulu loyimba.