The Old Russian wolemba Daniil Zatochnik: yonena ntchito

Daniil Zatochnik - analemba imodzi ya ntchito wotchuka mu mabuku akale. ntchito yake ndi nkhani ya mtsutso kwambiri sayansi, zili m'gulu la maphunziro m'madipatimenti mbiri. Chifukwa maganizo amenewa kwagona kuti ntchito - ndi chipilala yowala m'nthawi, zimene zimasonyeza lingaliro la woimira strata pakati pa anthu.

Mwachidule biographies wa

Daniil Zatochnik, amene yonena pafupifupi wosadziwika, ayenera anachokera pakati pa anthu amene mwanjira ina anali ndi utumiki kalonga. Osachepera, kotero akuti akatswiri a mbiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti anali mmisiri pa ntchito yake, koma akatswiri ambiri converge mfundo yakuti ndinafunitsitsa anamuperekeza a kalonga, chifukwa ntchito zake amawadziŵitsa za mmene zinthu anali kupita pa olamulira.

Mu sayansi, anafotokoza maganizo kuti mwina iye anali membala wa squads junior, ena amati anali mlangizi kalonga (a Duma pa terminology wakale). Koma unyinji wa anthu amalankhula, aphorisms wowerengeka, miyambi m'mabuku ake umboni kuti anali pafupi ndi dera dziko. mbiri yakale ambiri amavomereza kuti iye anali nzika ya mzinda wa Pereyaslavl. ntchito zake akunena za mkulu wa mzindawo. Pambuyo pake anali ku ukapolo, kumangidwa kapena mwaufulu ankaganiza ndi ntchito yokakamiza kwa Lache-ndi-Nyanja (Olonets dera). Mu umodzi wa mbiri ya akutchula kuti ndi malo anakhala. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Daniil Zatochnik m'nthawi ya 12, koma ena monga zaka za moyo wake m'ma 13.

Features ntchito

Munthu uyu anakumbukira kuti zolemba zake, chibwenzi, zili limene liri maganizo mwa akatswiri. Akatswiri sangathe angasankhe ziwiri zomwe zilipo chipilala amene Wolemba zimachitika kwa iye, kulemba munthu, koma mu Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana, ndipo akadali ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi anthu osiyana. "Pemphero" Daniila Zatochnika - kuchonderera kuti kalonga, limene amadandaula za tsoka wosalakwa anachitika anadandaula tsokali ndipo anauza wolamulira wawo kumuthandiza kuchotsa vuto, pamene izo. Mbali khalidwe la chipilala ndi - ndi kuti anali woyamba bwino anafotokoza maganizo zofuna ndi zolinga za anthu otchuka pakati. Osachepera, ndicho chimene asayansi zimaonetsa zinthu zimenezi. "Mawu" Daniel Zatochnik kalembedwe pafupi anati gwero, kotero iwo amaona ngati lonse. Komabe, n'zovuta kufotokoza madeti ndi buku la ntchito zimenezi.

Phindu mu mabuku

Ntchito izi ndi wotchuka kwambiri mu Russia: iwo unali wofanana, append ndipo mwachionekere anazindikira monga gwero la nzeru yeniyeni. Izi strata zosiyanasiyana ndi zigawo zovuta kudziwa gwero code, koma olemba mbiri zambiri ankamangidwanso zipilala izi mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira. "Pemphero" Daniila Zatochnika ali, malingana ndi ofufuza ena, chidwi kwambiri chipilala wolemekezeka maganizo journalistic kuti kenako mukopedwe chitukuko cha chikumbumtima chikhalidwe. chochitika ikufotokoza chidwi izi chipilala, chifukwa ndi mtundu wa chinyezimiro cha zofuna ndi zokhumba za munthu wa makalasi chachikulu Russia wakale.

chilankhulo

Nkhani kalembedwe kalekale nkhani chidwi mbiri yakale ambiri monga kumasonyeza osiyanasiyana zofuna za wolemba. Pali akugwira mawu Malemba Opatulika ndi mabuku ena odziwika bwino ntchito imeneyi. Daniil Zatochnik zikuwoneka munthu wophunzira kwambiri komanso kuwerenga. Iye mwini ananena kuti ankakonda kuwerenga, zomwe lapeza chitonthozo ake. Mu mankhwala pali zilembedwe za ntchito zina. Chikusonyeza erudition kwambiri ndi erudition la wolemba. Komabe, mu miyambi yambiri ndiponso aphorisms, zomwe wolemba adzaitana nzeru za dziko lapansi. The zili "Kupembedzera" Daniila Zatochnika ndi chidwi m'njira yakuti atasonyeza masomphenya waukulu wolemba.

Kuphatikiza mitengero ndi mawu otchuka kutsimikizira kuti wolemba ndi chidziwitso chabwino cha kalembedwe, chifukwa, mwachionekere, a gulu ophunzira a anthu. Iye ananenanso kuti ndi anagwira mawu mbali ku "Izbornik" - ntchito limene linalembedwa mu 1073. Zojambula ku mfundo lexical maganizo ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri kwambiri: amaphatikizapo pemphero, kupempha pembedzero, ndipo nthawi yomweyo lili Zotengera, kuukira kabukuko, ziphunzitso, mafanizo.

olandira vuto

sayansi si anaika funso ndendende amene analankhula nkhani yake Daniil Zatochnik. Akukhulupirira kuti magazini woyamba wopita kwa mwana wake Vladimir Monomakh, Yaroslav, koma asayansi ambiri wotsutsana Baibulo uno, akukhulupirira kuti ananditumiza Yuriyu Dolgorukomu ndi m'bale wake Andrey Dobrov. Poyerekeza ndi kusindikiza kwachiwiri palibe kusiyana maganizo. Olemba ambiri kuzindikira kuti uthenga umene inali kalonga, amene analamulira Pereyaslavl.

nkhani zakale

Kutchulidwa kwa kuthekera kulanda Chitata dziko Russian zikusonyeza kuti ntchito linalembedwa mu zaka za m'ma 13, pa nthawi pamene panali owononga a Mongol kuwukira. Daniil Zatochnik, amene ntchito kusonyeza zenizeni chi, khoti m'lembali, momveka bwino anachita zochitika zikuchitika iwo, ndipo ngakhale kumangidwa, anali adziwe zambiri, chidwi, amene kumawonjezera mtengo wa gwero. Bukuli linalembedwa akufunsa kalonga kubwerera kwa utumiki monga mlangizi wa. wolemba Komabe, ndipo amanena zokhudza iye, ndi mawu achipongwe, koma ndithu mwachionekere amadziwa kufunika kodziwa awo. Ikutchula Komanso kuchuluka chiwerengero cha anthu aluso ndi ophunzira kuti zaka 12-13, udindo wa anthu otchuka pansi Prince kuchuluka.

"Pemphero" Daniila Zatochnika, ndi kusanthula zomwe zimathandiza kuti amvetsetse bwino kapangidwe ka akale, ndi chipilala chapadera cha nthawi kuliphunzira, chifukwa Mlembi ali zinasonyeza zochitika zenizeni zinthu zokhudza wakale Russia 12-13 zaka. Pa maziko ake owerenga akhoza adzaweruzidwa gulu ankaimira madzulo Mongol kuwukira. Mu ntchito yake pali kufotokoza utsogoleli kalonga (wolemba akulankhula za Tiuna, Kalonga kulamulira chuma), zinthu zokhudza (Mlembi amayankhula za ryadovichah), ndiponso pali zina zokhudza ulamuliro waukulu (pali kutchulidwa kwa Manor ndi mkulu wa bwalo). Zonsezi zimasonyeza zina zachidule wa Old moyo Russian m'zaka otchulidwa. Kujambula "Pemphero" Daniila Zatochnika - ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri osati m'masiku akale, komanso mabuku Amalawi ambiri. Monga publicist chipilala iyenso ndiye mneneri wa zofuna za amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Chiŵerengero cha ntchito awiri

Tanena kale kuti sayansi ukadali osati anatsimikiza funso mmene zipilala ziwiri izi zokhudzana. Mu sayansi, pali maganizo kuti Yachiwiri (kutanthauza "Pemphero") ndi kutchula ndi mbiri, ndi kuti zingakhale zambiri kapena zochepa kutsatira tsoka la wolemba. Malinga ndi nkhani yake, anadwala chitonzo boyars kapena anali mu aliyense wa iwo, malingana. Mwachionekere, iye anali pa umphawi ndi wosiyana malamulo choncho angatetezere ndi kuthandiza kalonga. Komanso, chimake wachiwiri amaoneka angapo mabuku a mbiri yakale, pamene gawo loyamba ndi zambiri zowombetsa mkota, choncho amatchedwa "Mawu." Mu mabuku akale, zikutanthauza kuti polemba chinenero, amene amaganiza mtsutso pa nkhani iliyonse kuti zimenezi zikathandiza interlocutor.

chikoka cha zaka

wolemba ndiye ndi ntchito ina - ". nthano za Kusakaza wa dziko Russian" Komabe, maganizo si anatsimikizira mu mabuku. Ntchito imeneyi linalembedwa utapita chiwonongeko cha mayiko Russian wa Mongol-Chitata. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti woyambitsa wa ntchito imeneyi anali South Russian mlembi. Chibolibolichi, pamodzi ndi ntchito Daniila Zatochnika tiyenela kuiganizila nkhani ya mabuku Old Russia, imene nyengo iyi momveka bwino kwambiri anachita zochitika zikuchitika iwo. olemba zawo osati Atafotokoza zinthu zikuchitika iwo, komanso anafotokoza cholinga chawo kwa iwo, ndipo anawapatsa ziyenera awo ena zochitika, iwo kukhala m'nthawi. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo chidwi kwambiri - kulemba "nthano za Kusakaza wa dziko Russian", zinalembedwa m'ma 13, limene chisoni wake pa bwinja la zigawo Russian ndi mizinda.