A njira yatsopano ya ukalamba phula zasayansi

A njira yatsopano ya ukalamba phula zasayansi.

Nkhani anafotokoza ndondomeko ya ukalamba mankhwala kukhala wochepa thupi (300 microns) filimu kwa kanthawi ndipo yaitali. Ndondomeko zatsopano akupangidwa monga njira ina njira mayeso ntchito: anagubuduza filimu uvuni woonda (RTFO) ndi Anzanu ukalamba (PAV). Njira atsopano otchedwa yosavuta ndondomeko ukalamba (yosavuta ukalamba mayeso, nakhala), angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kusinthidwa phula emulsion ndi zotsalira. Isanafike kukhazikitsa pulogalamu njira ya maphunziro msewu panali chidwi kwambiri kukalamba filimu woonda m'mikhalidwe malo amodzi. Komabe, yochepa ukalamba ndondomeko Analeredwa RTFO, monga zoti ziyesedwe a kupinda mtengo rheometer chofunika ambiri phula okalamba. Popeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa muyezo monga njira RTFO kuzindikiridwa mavuto ena pamene inu muyesera ntchito kwa kukalamba binders kwambiri kusinthidwa. Pankhani ofunda osakaniza RTFO njira pa kutentha m'munsi (kayeseleledwe otsika kupanga kutentha) Mwina amalowerera zoletsa zina pa anagubuduza filimu kwa yunifolomu kukalamba nkhaniyo. Plastometer posachedwapa anayamba zikugwira ntchito pa mfundo za kukameta ubweya zazikulu (DSR) ndi 4 mm kufanana mbale amalola kuyezetsa pa kutentha kwa -40 ° C, sidzatenga 25 mg ya binder, ndipo walola chaka cha mamita mtengo ndi kukondera chinthu chimodzimodzi kwa kupinda mtengo rheometer. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi molumikizana ndi Amunafikina ndiyo rheology wa bitumens, yochepa kapena yaitali zaka pansi kutentha otsika ndi sing'anga. Komanso, pali mfundo zokwanira zaka chifukwa DSR mtundu rheometer ndi 25mm mbale. Anakhala njira kumatha vuto la "anagubuduza" zitsanzo kwa asphalts polima-kusinthidwa ndi ofunda. Pa mayesero a mitundu ingapo ya phula akhala kalikiliki anakhala ndondomeko nthawi ndi okalamba kutentha lofanana magawo izi pamene ntchito RTFO ndi njira PAV.

Malonje

Solidification pa ukalamba mchikakamizo cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni - ndondomeko kuti kumachitika pamene atagona Kusakaniza otentha, komanso pa mkombero moyo padziko msewu. Ndi kwambiri umakhudza ntchito ❖ kuyanika monga rutting, akulimbana ndi delamination ndipo, chifukwa, durability. solidification mawerengeredwe ya ukalamba zinthu zasayansi n'chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha specifications zochokera makhalidwe ntchito. phunziro limeneli limafotokoza njira yatsopano ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni mayeso woonda filimu chitsanzo, amene amapereka zotsatira ofanana ndi njira muyezo anagubuduza filimu uvuni woonda (RTFO, ASTM D2872 njira) ndi okalamba mu chipinda ndi opanikizika (PAV, ASTM D6521 njira) phula koyera. Kukwaniritsa adzaonetsetsa mphamvu ya mayeso woonda filimu (mazana angapo nm) - njira anayamba posachedwapa rheometer malinga ndi mfundo za kukameta ubweya zazikulu, chomwe chimathandiza chiyesedwe cha zitsanzo pa kutentha kwa -40 ° C, sidzatenga 25 mg wa nyemba, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa mapindikidwe pa chipangizo [1 ].

Mayeso ndondomeko phula woonda filimu m'ng'anjo anayamba kupanga mu 60s oyambirira Hveem [2] ndi walandiridwa mu ASTM 1970 chaka. Pa kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto Strategic Program amafufuza izo asankhidwa kale monga muyezo kumutsatira lalifupi akuchiritsa ukalamba chimene chimachitika pamene amaika mumsewu. Panopa njira ya ntchito mfundo phula Superpave.

The mwayi waukulu njira ya woonda filimu phula mu ng'anjo pa mayeso kasinthasintha (RTFOT) pamaso woonda filimu uvuni mayeso malo amodzi (TFOT, ASTM D1754 Njira) kwagona kuti onsewo muli galasi pansi pa ukalamba lalikulu la padziko nyemba. Komabe, chiwerengero cha kasinthasintha komanso bwanji chitsanzo pamwamba atsopano zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kukhuthala phula pamaso kuyezetsa, ndi kusintha kukhuthala pa mayeso. Motional ndi kuyanjana ndi phula mu flasks nazonso kobvuta ndi kusinthidwa polima-phula. Yafupika RTFO mayeso kutentha kwa mawerengeredwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni kunachitika yopanga mix ofunda, kuchititsa mavuto ofanana.

Kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kasinthasintha mabuku kasinthasintha pamene anayesedwa ndi njira RTFO kwa phula kwambiri kusinthidwa - vuto lomwe lakhala kwa zaka zingapo [3]. Bahia [3] akufuna kuti kulikonza ilo ndi akusunsa zitsulo ndodo mu botolo ndipo potero kupereka filimu kufala. Zatsopano ochitidwa ndi Federal Highway Administration ndi Southeast gulu asphalts opanga anasonyeza kuti ndodo zitsulo kuchepetsa mlingo wa okalamba phula (monga kusinthidwa ndi unmodified) ndipo amathandiza kuti kutayikira phula (mitundu onse) kwa flasks ndi [4]. Ngakhale zitsulo ndodo Kodi zimathandiza kuti kutayikira phula kuchokera botololo, ndi polima-kusinthidwa bitumens kaŵirikaŵiri ikuyenda mwa dera babu, ngakhale ndodo palibe. Chifukwa cha ichi - Weissenberg zotsatira (Nyamulani visco-zotanuka madzi pa ndodo onsewo) [5]. Amaganiza kuti mphamvu zotanuka (anatambasula za unyolo polima) chifukwa kasinthasintha wa mababu galasi, chifukwa mu zabwino vertically imatsogoleredwa mphamvu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuukitsidwa kwa phula pa makoma lamkati la botololo.

Yothetsera mavuto amenewa chinali chiyambi cha ntchito ya Institute Western Research (WRI) pa njira yatsopano zing'onozing'ono yaitali kukalamba, umene ndi yosavuta ndondomeko ukalamba (Amunafikina) umatchedwa. Iye zoyenera m'nkhani ino.

Mwa njira anakhala pansi monga njira ina m'malo muyezo RTFO ndi RTFO / PAV, anapereka zofunika zotsatirazi:

1) The digiri ya ukalamba ayenera kukhala yokwanira ndendende moyo wa RTFOT njira. Malingana ngati specifications Superpave zochokera zotsatira za mayesero RTFOT luso lililonse latsopano ayenera kutsatira ndondomeko ya ukalamba RTFOT kwa phula koyera.

2) Easy, sipafunika kuyeretsa flasks. Ndondomeko kuyesedwa ndi kulola yochepa kaikidwe ka nyemba okalamba mwachindunji mu uvuni kwa nthawi yaitali kukalamba.

3) Kuchuluka kwa phula angakhale okwanira kudziwa kalasi ya malowedwe index (SHRP PG) ndi malongosoledwe a mipweya.

4) Pamene kuwayika kapena kuchotsa zitsanzo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito solvents, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa bitumens polima-kusinthidwa.

5) The makulidwe filimu ayenera kukhala otsika kuti kuthetseratu vuto la mpweya mayamwidwe, alipo mwa zitsanzo mayeso mu mkhalidwe n'kupuma (TFOT).

6) Njira imene ayenera kulola kuchepetsa kutentha kompyuta kuti zinthu kupanga osakaniza ofunda.

7) Yesani nthawi ayenera kukhala osachepera kapena RTFO mayeso RTFO / PAV.

8) njira ayenera kukhala mtengo wotsika.

9) njira A ayenera kulola kukalamba mafilimu ku zotsalira emulsion.

Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ukalamba filimu (filimu makulidwe a microns mazana angapo) ndi kukwaniritsa zofunika zonse pamwamba Komabe, mayesero wotsatira pa SHRP phula amafuna lalikulu kwambiri padziko nyemba. Makamaka, vuto limakhala mayesero ndi kupinda mtengo rheometer, kuyambira aliyense timitengo chitsanzo kutenga 15 magalamu phula, ndi zitsanzo zimenezi ena. SHRP mayeso a sing'anga ndi kutentha ikuchitikira pa ndi zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer (DSR), chimene chimafuna magalamu ochepa chabe phula.

Zanenedwa kuti kutulukira ndi zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer (DSR) ndi 4 mm kufanana mbale amalola kuyezetsa pa kutentha kwa -40 ° C, sidzatenga 25 mg ya binder, ndipo walola chaka cha mamita mtengo ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi kuchepetsa [6] kwa curving rheometer mtengo. Kenako adzapatsidwa kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira imeneyi. kuphatikiza ake ndi njira filimu kukalamba - RTFOF njira zina. Komanso, pambuyo mayeso ndi phula zokwanira mayesero SHRP pa otsika, sing'anga ndi kutentha.

Kafukufuku mayesero atsopano khumi zapitazi, makamaka ndi zolinga izi:

a) Konzani mayeso patapita magalamu ochepa phula mukapimidwenso pa mtengo rheometer kupinda;

b) Kuti athetse vuto phula ukuyenda kuchokera botolo pa RTFO mayeso;

c) Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la anagubuduza polima-kusinthidwa phula RTFOT mayeso.

Zitsanzo tizitumikira njira zotsatirazi: Mayeso pa ukalamba wa onsewo yamphamvu (RCAT) [7], kusinthidwa German spinner botolo (MGRFT) [4], mayeso ndi kukakamizidwa mpweya (SAFT) [8].

Experimental mbali Zida

Rheometer kwa zazikulu kukameta ubweya mfundo 4 mamilimita kufanana mbale

Vutolo za glycerol gawo mu boma kunyezimira (Gg) anapanga Schröter [9] njira ina chifukwa cha zolakwa kuwukonza mphamvu kukameta ubweya rheometer, zovekera wake ndi mbale. Sui [1] ntchito kwa kusintha kwa miyezo ya mphamvu phula kukameta ubweya pa otsika kutentha (~ 5 ° C ... -40 ° C) pa 4 mm mbale kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa 1.7 mm (m'nkhani, njira iyi amatchedwa 4 mm zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer ).

Pa pafupipafupi otsika (mkulu kutentha) phula malleable, ndi zolakwa chilango ndi negligible chida. Pa mkulu pafupipafupi (otsika kutentha) ololera zimasiyanasiyana, ndi kuti apeze phindu lenileni la gawo la fupa lothyoka phula Chimaona Kuyeza kukameta ubweya rheometer kusintha limagwirira ntchito.

Mayeso sidzatenga 25 mg chuma (kuchita - za 150 mg kupanga chitsanzo nyemba), chimene chiri malamulo angapo ukulu poyerekeza zofunika yopangira mayeso bala pa mtengo rheometer kupinda.

Preconditioning zitsanzo chofunika. Bookmark mu rheometer ikuchitika pa kutentha ndi otsika (60-70 ° C).

Mu phunziro limeneli, kuphunzira katundu rheological ikuchitika ntchito 4 mm zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer. M mtengo ndi kukameta ubweya stiffness S (T) akuti kudzera malumikizanidwe ndi 4 mm zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer cholinga Sui [6]. The njira Sui m'munsi pamapindikira njingayo, komanso nkhawa zosangalatsa modulus kukameta ubweya G (T) kwa maola 2 chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiliro lolingana wa S (T) ndi mamita masekondi 60 pa kutentha 10 ° C pamwamba woona kutentha otsika kwa kalasi kuperekedwa, analandira chifukwa cha muyeso pa rheometer ndi mtengo kupinda. Sui Njira anasintha ndi kuyeza ndingaliro ngodya ndi ukulu wa G (T) masekondi 60 pa kutentha 10 ° C apamwamba kutentha kalasi ya SP. Rheology pa sing'anga ndi otsika kutentha anali anayeza pa mbale 8 mm m'mimba mwake ndi 25 mm.

Kutembenuka tonse ndi wochitachita zotanuka modulus G '(ω) mu zosangalatsa gawo anaphedwa ndi maikwezhoni chiyerekezo anachokera Christensen [10]:

G (T) ~ G '(ω) | ω = 2 / πt

Miyezo ya moduli zazikulu kukameta ubweya ankachitikira onsewo zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometers ndi Malvern Kinexus TA ARES. Kuwerenga pafupipafupi zikulilima anali ikuchitika pa intervals 15 ° C mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -30 kwa + 45 ° C ndi okhota pafupipafupi osiyanasiyana a 0,1 100 rad / gawo. Pa otsika kutentha, mkulu pafupipafupi malire zikulilima anali adatchithisira 50 rad / gawo.

Ntchito Technology 4mm zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer angagwiritsidwe ntchito "m'munda" chifukwa kupenda microsamples mu mumayesto ntchito katundu wa zipangizo za ❖ kuyanika ndi kusanthula pofotokoza katundu rheological phula ndipo owomboledwa binder pa sing'anga ndi otsika kutentha, pofotokoza rheology wa emulsion precipitate ndi mfundo kudzaza ming'alu komanso chitukuko cha njira mayeso a filimu woonda - chinthu nkhaniyi.

infuraredi kafukufuku wazamawalidwe

kusanthula IR zinachitikadi mu mode "kufala" mu khungu la 1.0 mamilimita ndi nyemba 50 mg phula mu 1 ml mpweya disulfide. 32 Jambulani m'zinthu ankachiritsa Zida: Perkin Elmer sipekitiramu 100, kuthetsa 4 cm-1.

zipangizo

Table 1 akufotokoza mitundu phula ankafufuza. Zitsanzo unatengedwa kuchokera thanki pa ntchito yomanga msewu. Atatu mwa binders anayi kukonzekera mayeso malo mu Rochester, Minnesota, United States (inamangidwa mu 2006). Phula "MV" (Manitoba) okonzeka ndi polygon mayeso mix ofunda ku Manitoba, Canada, inamangidwa mu 2010 chaka.

Zotsatira ndi zokambirana

Development wa adakhala njira, poyerekeza ake ndi RTFO ndi RTFO / PAV

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo si chatsopano anakhala. Okalamba woonda phula mafilimu kuti yesezera akuti zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ukalamba lalifupi ndi lalitali, lomwe limapezeka mu opareshoni lenileni ambiri anaphunzira kwa zaka 70 zapitazi. Analysis wa magwero anakhala Airey [11].

Development wa njira anakhala ndi recess kusintha maphunziro wogwila ya ukalamba mafilimu woonda, makamaka Glover maphunziro [8, 12] ndipo Petersen [13]. The womuyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito 4 mm zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer kuti amatilola kuganizira njira imeneyi monga RTFOT njira zina.

Kukhazikitsa mavuto anakhala anali kupereka osachepera filimu makulidwe ndipo potero kuchepetsa mayamwidwe kwenikweni. Mu mayesero ndipo mphulupulu anasankhidwa makulidwe a 300 nm, kulola kupereka woonda filimu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira. Voliyumu ya chitsanzo kufufuza rheological ndi mankhwala wakhala chinthu china chimene Kuchepetsa.

Anakhala ndondomeko mayeso kuperekedwa ku Table 2: The mayeso yochepa chifukwa ofunda phula mix pa 130 ° C kwa mphindi 50 mu ng'anjo ndi nkhonya yaukapolo. Protocol kuyambirira, kuyambira ntchito tsopano ife nditangoyamba poyerekeza wokalamba anachita mogwirizana ndi protocol ndi ukalamba, ngakhale zikuchitika pa msewu pamene zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo osakaniza ofunda.

Mkuyu. 2 chikusonyeza chipangizo posachedwapa zithandize short- ndi yaitali kukalamba filimu zonyalazo njira anakhala. The mbale 3 ali kagawo kukalamba mafilimu 3 osiyana, aliyense wa iwo amafuna 1,00 ga phula, amene amapereka filimu makulidwe a pafupifupi. 300 nm.

Kukonzekera mafilimu woonda phula mayeso imagwiridwa motere. The pressurized ntchito bokosi, wodzazidwa ndi asafe, anaikidwa mkangano (120 ° C) maimidwe, ndi kuupereka kwa mbale mayeso adakhala (phula). Pamene usavutike 120 ° C kumafalikira phula za 2/3 m'dera padziko mbale. Spatula phula imafalira pa mpumulo wa mbale pamwamba, ndi kucoka mu bokosi kwa maminiti pang'ono kuchitika phula mayikidwe filimu pamwamba. The mbale anali ndiye amachotsedwa Kutentha ndi kuloledwa kuima mu chipinda kuti kuziziritsa kwa firiji (23 ° C) wodzazidwa ndi asafe.

The mbale kumapeto anali mokhomerera dzenje kwa mayikidwe a thermocouple chimene kutentha chinalembedwa mu ng'anjo ndi nkhonya yaukapolo. mbale aikidwa mu chipika preheated zotayidwa amene amathandiza Kutentha mofulumira ndi gulu mayeso ng'anjo. Mkuyu. 3a limasonyeza deta pa kutentha mu ng'anjo (a deta thermocouple mu mbale). Kulembetsa chitachitidwa kwa mphindi 50, ng'anjo kutentha - 150 ° C. Kutentha kwa ukuwonjezeka mbale mofulumira kuchokera yozungulira pafupifupi 140 ° C nufikira 146 ° C pambuyo Mphindi 50.

Chiwembu cha zing'onozing'ono yaitali kukalamba zikusonyezedwa mkuyu. 3. Makulidwe a mbale amasankhidwa kuti mbale akhoza anaikapo mu muyezo cholandirira thireyi pressurized ukalamba.

Umapezeka kuti mayeso filimu makulidwe a 300 nm pafupifupi 40 maola mu uvuni ndi nkhonya amakakamizidwa pa 100 ° C ndi mavuto 0,74 ATM zotsatira lolingana PAV muyezo (ASTM D6521) kwa kanema wa 3.2 mamilimita mayeso wandiweyani pa 20 ATM mu thireyi muyezo. Nthawi maola 40 ndiyopenekela, ngati pali kusiyana mu kuthamanga pa bitumens okalamba [14]. Okalamba filimu 300 nm wandiweyani mu chidebe opanikizika 20 ATM kwa maola 8 opangidwa mlingo yekha okalamba pansi muyezo mayeso ndi thireyi ndi makulidwe filimu malinga specifications a.

Kudziwa pafupifupi nthawi ndi kutentha pa zomwe kukalamba yoyerekeza, mofanana ndi wa malangizo RTFO RTFO / PAV, IR kafukufuku wazamawalidwe ankagwiritsa ntchito. Koyamba predictive deta ndiye poyerekeza ndi kuwerenga rheological kusanthula. Mwachitsanzo, mu mkuyu. 4A amasonyeza kufanana kwa IR makulidwe (Amunafikina, RTFO, RTFO / PAV) phula "MV" pa ndondomeko imene ili mu Table 2. Mu mkuyu. 4b zikusonyeza lolingana deta rheological kusanthula - zovuta kukameta ubweya modulus G * (ω). Iwo Tingaone kuti makulidwe ofanana kwambiri.

Kuyerekezera IP ndi rheology

Table 3 amasonyeza kufanana kwa phula SP zaka chifukwa RTFO umisiri, RTFO / PAV nakhala. Iwo wapezeka kuti yochepa ndi yaitali kukalamba zotsatira analandira ntchito njira zamakono osiyana akugwirizana wabwino.

Njira anakhala alibe zotsatira chidwi SP phula (kuphatikizapo pamene anayesedwa malinga ndi protocol cha ku Switzerland anakhala HMA LT FDO, zimene zingakhale zosiyana kwa zinthu mayeso cha ku Switzerland anakhala LT PAV ndi RTFO / PAV chifukwa kukhudzana ndi kusiyana anzawo. Zotsatira ofanana kwambiri.)

Kufanizira SP otsika (m-phindu), sing'anga (G * / sinδ) ndi mkulu (G * / sinδ) kutentha kwa njira anakhala pansi RTFO ndi RTFO / PAV wasonyeza ankalemekeza mkuyu. 5, 6 ndi 7. Pamene SP kusanthula pa kutentha otsika amaonetsera mamita mtengo monga bitumens anali kuphunzira mamita womwe. Koma mfundo apatsidwa ndi lolondola woyendetsa wina ndi ASTM (d2s%). Mwachitsanzo, yolondola woyendetsa limodzi mamita-waukulu kwambiri ASTM D6648-08 ndi 4.0%.

The mphulupulu woyendetsa wina ndi kufunika kwa zatsopano anachita pa woyendetsa mmodzi mwa mmodzi zasayansi rheometer. Atatu mwa amitundu inayi phula kukakomana ndi milingo ananena molondola, kutanthauza kuti deta rheology akamagwira njira anakhala ndi RTFO RTFO / PAV ofanana.

Kusintha kuchuluka mu misa

Peresenti kusintha kulemera kwa ndondomeko RTFO ukalamba anali anayeza malinga ndi njira AASHTO T240. Kusintha kulemera pa njira lalifupi kukalamba kwa Amunafikina chimaonekera chimodzimodzi, i.e., kusintha phula misa chimaonetsera kuchuluka kwa misa pachiyambi. Imfa ya misa ndi zoipa, kuwonjezeka - zabwino. kuwonda kawirikawiri anaona pa mayeso RTFOT, ngakhale kuwonjezeka n'zothekanso [15]. Poyerekeza kusintha kulemera pa mayeso a adakhala ndi RTFO njira kuperekedwa ku Table 4.

Awiri phula kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kulemera kusintha ndi negligible. mayesero ena Tingaone kuti njira anakhala ali wamkulu kuwonda kuposa RTFO, ngakhale pang'ono chabe. Amanena kuti anakhala ndi powerengera osiyana RTFO ndi kuwonda amazionera, amafuna zatsopano zina.

Pomaliza

Mu kufufuza kufananitsa woyera phula anasonyeza kuti anakhala njira amapereka zotsatira ofanana ndi zotsatira za mayeso pa muyezo ndi RTFO RTFO / PAV pamaso pa rheology, ndi Pamlingo wamng'ono ofanana pa mayesero kwa kuwonongeka kwa carbonyl ndi sulfoxide.

Kuphatikiza njira ndi mayesero anakhala pa 4 mamilimita zazikulu kukameta ubweya rheometer ndi mbale kufanana kudziwa katundu rheological ndi magawo mfundo (m mtengo ndi kukameta ubweya stiffness) pa kutentha otsika. Kuchita yochepa kukalamba anakhala njira amafuna Mphindi 50 okha, Mphindi 35, osachepera zofunika RTFOT muyezo.

Chofunika kwambiri, kwa nthawi yaitali okalamba opanikizika mu chotengera ndi njira anakhala chofunika maola 8, kwa maola 12 patsogolo pa mulingo chofunika mayeso PAV. Panopa ntchito yofuna kuti ntchito anakhala njira polima-kusinthidwa phula emulsion precipitate anachira phula, komanso mawerengeredwe kukalamba zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni, kumene kumachitika pa yonama mbewu mix ofunda.

Aliyense mbale wa adakhala mayeso njira amalola kupeza 3 ga phula okalamba. Izi ndi okwanira kufotokoza rheological ndi mankhwala katundu pa kutentha otsika, sing'anga ndi mkulu. Ngati mukufuna zina zaka binder angathe kukonzekera ndi pansi okalamba pa nthawi yomweyo mbale ochepa.

Article: A njira yatsopano ya ukalamba phula zasayansi.

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