Zojambulazo bwino ndi Durer. "Melancholia" ndi Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), German zojambulajambula, wojambula fanizo wotchuka theorist luso, anabadwa mu banja lalikulu la Chihangare Albrehta Dyurera Sr. ndi Barbara Holper Germany. banja ankakhala mumzinda wa Nuremberg ili mu gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Germany. The bambo, osula golidi, mnyamata anayesetsa kuphunzutsa chidwi mu ntchito jeweler a, koma achinyamata Albrecht ankafuna kukhala wojambula. Ndipo pamene Dürer wamng'ono adali ndi zaka 15, anatumizidwa ku msonkhano wa wotchuka Nuremberg zojambulajambula Michael Wohlgemuth.

Njira yoyamba ya wojambula wamng'ono

Albrecht anatsimikizira wofunitsitsa ndi wokhoza wophunzira, iye mu nthawi yochepa katswiri malamulo yaikulu ya kupenta ndipo analemba zojambula angapo ang'onoang'ono. Dürer zojambula akhala ovomerezedwa ndi mphunzitsi. Wohlgemuth, kuwonjezera kulenga zojambula, anaphunzira zithunzi. zipsera iyace, alenga pamaziko a woodcuts (chosema nkhuni), ntchito m'buku lake "Nuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, ndi German mapu. Illustrations anapanga Wohlgemuth ndi ophunzira ake apezeke ndi mbali yaikulu ya buku, amene anapita mu mbiri monga mogometsa. Mlembi wa mmodzi wa zipsera m'buku lakuti "Dance Imfa" anali Albrecht Dürer.

ulendo kulenga

M'zaka za m'ma 15 ku Germany panali mwambo wa maulendo wophunzira, imene kuphunzira bwino ntchito aluso ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. Iye anapanga Tayenda ulendo ndi mnyamata zojambulajambula Dürer. ulendo wake unatha zaka zinayi, kuyambira 1490 mpaka 1494-TH. Kuwonjezera pa mizinda German wa wojambula Dürer, amene zojambula anali kale bwino amadziwika kunyumba mzinda Switzerland ndi Netherlands, kuti akaphunzire kwambiri mabwana aakulu Flemish kupenta ndi akatswiri Swiss chosema. Kuyambira ulendo wake, Dürer ndimafuna kukumana ndi wojambula Martin Schongauer, amene ankamuona ngati muyeso wa kupambana pa luso masomphenya. Ngakhale Schongauer mu Colmar ndipo tinkagwira ntchito zojambula mochita kugoba pa mkuwa. Komabe, msonkhanowo aluso awiri sanali kuchitidwe, monga Martin atatsala pang'ono kufika kwa Albrecht anafa.

Basle

Albrecht Dürer, zojambula ndi zojambula mochita kugoba amene kale mu bwalo la akatswiri, anakumana ndi m'bale wa malemu Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, amenenso lalembedwa mkuwa. Ludwig ndi Albrecht anapereka utumiki wake. Zipangizo zamkuwa chosema zodzikongoletsera chofunika luso, ndipo iwo akhala Durer, kuyambira monga wachinyamata, anakhala zaka zingapo pothandiza mu zodzikongoletsera kugula bambo ake. Albrecht anasamukira ku Basel, malo osindikizira. Mu Basel, anakhala ina Schongauer m'bale, Georg. Kugwilizana ndi iwo, Durer katswiri subtleties onse kulenga buku la zojambula mochita kugoba, ndipo patapita kanthawi adayamba kuwonekera m'mafanizo, mabuku Basel latsopano, sankadziwika, kalembedwe. Zilandiridwenso Durer angwiro, iye bwino ntchito mtundu watsopano. Mu buku la "Sitima ya Opusa" ndi German satirist Sebastian Brant, panali 75 mafanizo ake zojambulajambula. Komanso mu Basel Dürer analenga mndandanda wa zojambula mochita kugoba kwa buku la comedies Popliyo Terence, ndi sewero lanthabwala Roma. Basel Albrecht anapita ku Strasbourg, analemba kalata yake yotchuka "Self-Chithunzicho ndi nthula", amene anatumiza kwa mkwatibwi.

Bwererani ku Nuremberg

Mu Nuremberg Albreht Dyurer, zojambula zimene zinalembedwa kale mu mzimu wa kukoma German, anabwerera mu 1494 ndi kuchuluka yaikulu chidziwitso tinasonkhanitsa pa zaka zinayi masana kudzera Europe. Posachedwa anakwatira Agnes Frey, olemekezeka mtsikana, mwana wamkazi wa Hansa Freya, mwamantha msonkhano zolondola chingwe zida. Ukwati anapereka Albrecht mwayi kuyambitsa bizinezi yawo. Komabe, anakhazikitsa msonkhano wake Nuremberg, iye yekha mu 1495, chifukwa miyezi iwiri pambuyo ukwati wake anapita ku Italy, kumene anadziwa mu ntchito ya Giovanni Bellini, mmisiri wa sukulu Venetian, ndi Mantegna, kum'mamatira kalembedwe lakuthwa ndi okhwima a penti amapemphera. Ena zojambula ndi Dürer patapita zolembedwa momwemo. A sewero khalidwe malo, Dürer kupangidwa panthawi ya ulendo Italy, anakhala zojambula mochita kugoba.

zojambula mochita kugoba

Atabwerera ku Italy Albrecht Dürer anatsegula msonkhano, ndipo anatha zaka 10 yopanga woodcuts ndi mkuwa. Collaborating ndi anzake Nuremberg-ambuye - Hans Von Kulmbach ndi Hans Shoyfelinom, aziwapatsa Dürer zojambula mochita kugoba yofotokoza Mabaibulo a Pindar, ndi Goltselya Koberger. Albrecht ntchito anali kwambiri thematic khalidwe, khalidwe lawo linali pa mkulu mlingo luso. Dürer ankaona consummate mbuye wa buku fanizo. Mu 1498 wofalitsa Koberger lofalitsidwa buku lakuti "Chivumbulutso", womwenso 15 woodcuts likutipatsa zojambulajambula, kuphatikizapo "akuthamanga atakwera pamahatchi" ndi "Nkhondo ya Arhangela Mihaila ndi chinjoka." The chojambula "Chivumbulutso" Dürer imatengedwa bwino ntchito yake. Mutu umene umakhala nkhani 15 mu coherent lonse, mokongola anasonyeza chithunzicho. Aliyense chosema monga ndi kupitiriza kwa yapita ndipo poyambirira pa lotsatira. Ndipo patapita nthawi yaitali, mu 1514, iwo anali chachinsinsi mkuwa chosema lotchedwa "Melancholia" analengedwa. Dürer chojambulidwa pa izo wotopetsa mngelo, zomwe zikuoneka kuti nawonso yodziwika ndi zokumana nazo maganizo.

kupenta

"Chivumbulutso" Albrecht Dürer anabweretsa kutchuka lonse, ndi "Melancholia" ndi Durer analowa golide thumba zaluso chabwino. ntchito ina yaikulu ya buku la ziboliboli "The masautso a St. Brigid" M'gululi 30 zojambula mochita kugoba. Kuwonjezera pa kugwira ntchito pa mafanizo mabuku amakono, Dürer analenganso etchings ntchito za olemba wakale monga Aristotle ndi Theophrastus, Aristophanes ndi Lucian. Kugwira zithunzi, Albrecht sanangokhala ndi kupenta, Durer nthawi adawoneka pamaso pa anthu ambiri. Komanso zaka 1497-1499 izo zithunzi anali utoto: Albrehta Dyurera Wamkulu, bambo chithunzicho Mulungu, Elector Frederick III la Saxony, Oswald Krell, wothandizila malonda. Imodzi mwa ntchito chidwi kwambiri ndi chithunzi cha imatengedwa Durer kupenta "The molemekeza Amagi." Kenako pakubwera "Dresden Altarpiece" ndi "zisoni zisanu ndi ziwiri" - ndi polyptych kwambiri.

Venice

Mu 1505 Dürer anapita ku Italy kachiwiri. Mu Venice, analemba "The Phwando la Korona Popemphera", koma chithunzi sichinapangidwe pa chinsalu cha miyambo, ndipo pa gulu la popula, nyaze kuwayika mu mpingo wa San Bartolomeo pafupi German malonda nyumba Fondaco DEI Tedeschi. Analamulidwa chithunzi cha amalonda otchuka German. Panopa "Phwando la Korona Popemphera" mu Gallery National ku Prague. Nyengo ya nthawi amalembedwa mwa ntchito za ambuye wamkulu, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione. Komabe, Albrecht Durer gravitated kuti zilandiridwenso Dzhovanni Bellini, amene anali chitsanzo inimitable mtundu. Pomaliza, iye anayamba kucheza ndi ku Italy wa zojambula ndi pa pempho lake, analemba limodzi la zojambula wake Venetian - "Madonna ndi Chizhik". Buku linanso analenga pamene anali ku Venice, Dürer, "Khristu mwa madokotala," Mwinanso odzipereka kwa mnzake Albrecht.

Bologna

Kaya ubwenzi ndi Giovanni Bellini, Dürer anali wolemekezeka ulemu munthu Venice. Bungwe City kanalalikira sachedwa wa zojambula luso, ndi mwatsatanetsatane kwa iye 200 ducats ngati bonasi pachaka. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti Albrecht Dürer adzakhala nawo ntchito m'tawuni. Komabe, wojambula alibe mapulani moyo wongokhala, iye kuzifuna kwa chidziwitso cha zinthu zatsopano okha, ndi chifukwa cha ichi kunali koyenera kuti nthawi zonse kuyenda. Patapita kanthawi Dürer anali ku Roma, kumene anayembekezera kukumana ndi Mfumu Maximilian. msonkhano konse chinachitika, ndipo Albrecht anapita Bologna kukaona yunivesite ndi kukumana ndi asayansi. Iye anali ndi chidwi ndi chiyembekezo mafunso, kuphunzira zimene iye akhoza efficiently kumanga zojambula zawo. Pazokambirana ndi masamu Luca Pacioli, kenako machezawo yaitali ndi wamanga Donato Bramante limodzi ndi sitolo wodziwitsa chithunzicho, ndi zojambula ndi Dürer anayamba odzitukumula.