Zinyalala - ndi chiyani ichi? Gawo

Anthu anayamba kalekale apita kuseri mitundu kuti kulibe mwamtendere biosphere dziko lapansi. A Baibulo la makono a chitukuko intensively ndiponso m'njira zambiri mosaganizira masuku pamutu chuma dziko lathu - mchere, dothi, nyama ndi zomera, madzi ndi mpweya. Chirichonse chimene ufikira kwa dzanja, anthu ndi remade ndi zosowa za anthu athu technocratic kukula. Zimenezi zimabweretsa zikutha m'mayiko chuma lathuli, komanso kuti zikamera wa nambala yaikulu chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri wa zinyalala.

zinyalala Kodi onse? Kodi vuto kwa ife?

Ngati wosalira zambiri ndipo zambiri, ndi zinyalala - ndi chogwira ntchito yoweta ndi mafakitale a anthu, mavuto chilengedwe. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu zonse technocratic kapena mbali za iwo ataya phindu ndipo salinso ntchito kunyumba, kuntchito kapena ntchito ina iliyonse anthu ena. Lero zinthu ngati kuti Earth lingathe kwenikweni adzawonongedwa malonda awo zinyalala, ngati si miyeso kwambiri komanso mwachangu atengedwa.

Kuyerekezera lonse za nkhani mfundo imodzi yokha: M'mayiko ena, ankakhala ku mzinda limapanga pa chaka tani zinyalala banja. Matani! Mwamwayi, ambiri zinyalala izi zobwezerezedwanso, koma ambiri kuthetsa pa akhala akutayirapo dothi chimphona, ndiwo wokhala ndi zambiri za mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri mu dziko. Mwachitsanzo, kuzungulira 800 mahekitala wa Moscow kokha anakonza landfills. Ndipo mwina kakhumi zachilengedwe - mu zigwembe, pa gombe la mitsinje ndi mitsinje, roadsides.

Tiyerekezenso chomera lalikulu - zitsulo, nsalu, mankhwala - si kofunika. Zinyalala kupanga otere Anayezanso mu tonnes, koma osati kwa chaka ndi tsiku. Tangoganizirani zauve izi, poizoni mtsinje kupita ku zitsulo zomera Siberia ndi zomera mankhwala penapake mu Pakistan, kupanga galimoto ku Korea ndi fakitale katundu pepala mu China. Zinyalala - vuto? Kumene, ndi yaikulu kwambiri.

Nkhani zinyalala

Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa chuma kupanga zinyalala, ku mbali yaikulu, kulibe. Wosweka nkhwangwa, wolema ndi kuponyedwa shati, bwato anamira ndipo ngakhale akukuwerengerani inamera Nyumbayi Moss ngakhale anali malonda a zochita za anthu, koma musawononge dziko ntchito - organic kukonzedwa, ndi zochita kupanga mwakachetechete ndiponso mwamtendere kumanzere pansi, kuyembekezera ofukula aluntha.

Mwina poyamba "lenileni" banja zinyalala - galasi, koma nthawi yoyamba zinabala zedi miniscule. Koma choyamba kwambiri zinyalala mafakitale ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka 18-19, mkubwela kwa mtundu fakitale makina. Kuyambira pamenepo, chiwerengero chawo ikukula ngati chigumukire ndi. Ngati fakitale m'ma 19 anamasulidwa yekha mu mankhwala kuyaka m'mlengalenga malasha, mafakitale zimphona m'ma 21 anazitsanulira mwa mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja mamiliyoni magaloni zinyalala kwambiri poizoni, kuwapatutsa mu "manda".

A moona "chosintha" yojambula pa kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zinyalala zoweta ndi mafakitale zinachitika lachitatu zoyambirira za m'ma 20, ndi chiyambi cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mafuta ndi mafuta malonda m'tsogolo - pulasitiki.

Kodi mitundu zinyalala: Gawo

Anthu mu zaka zapitazi atulutsa anawononga kuchuluka ngati zinyalala kuti zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu: chakudya zinyalala ndi pepala zinyalala, galasi ndi mapulasitiki, mankhwala ndi zitsulo, matabwa ndi mphira, nyukiliya, ndi ena ambiri.

Kumene, iwo ali wosayenerera zimakhudza awo olakwika pa chilengedwe. Pakuti chifaniziro zambiri zithunzi zinyalala zonse ife kugawanitsa ku magulu angapo monga mlingo wa kuipitsidwa.

Choncho, kodi kuwononga "chabwino" ndipo kodi - "oipa"?

"Kuunika" zinyalala

1. Paper. Zikuphatikizapo nyuzipepala zakale, mabuku, timapepala ta, zomata, pepala ndi makatoni manja, magazini glossy ndi china chirichonse. Processing ndi yobwezeretsanso khalidwe zinyalala pepala ndi chimodzi mwa zophweka kwambiri - ambiri a iwo ndi otchedwa pepala zinyalala ndipo kenako atatembenuzidwa kumbuyo mu nyuzipepala, magazini ndi makatoni. Ndipo ngakhale mwazisiya mu dzenje ndipo aiwala pepala zinyalala adzakhala mu nthawi yochepa (poyerekeza ndi ena mitundu ina) kuphwanya popanda kuchita zinthu zoipa chirengedwe, kuwonjezera pa mitundu nthaka ndi madzi ndi masamba osindikizidwa. Ovuta kwambiri kuwonongeka zachilengedwe mapepala glossy, koma mophweka kwambiri - ndi zosaphika ndi friable.
2. Chakudya. Onse organic m'makhitchini zinyalala, odyera, mahotela, minda payekha, wambiri ulimi ndi m'mafakitale chakudya - zonse zimene "njala" anthu. Food zinyalala komanso kuwola ndinso mofulumira Mukaganizira kuti pa zaka khumi zapitazi kudya zosakaniza kuchepa zachilengedwe ndi umagwirira kwambiri. Monga iye ndi mopweteka chikhalidwe - mwachitsanzo, mankhwala chotchuka ntchito ng'ombe kukula mankhwala amene kuonjezera alumali moyo ndi ulaliki wa chakudya. Iwo ali ndi malo apadera GMO ndi mchere; kutetezera. GMO, zosinthidwa chibadwa zakudya, ndi nkhani ya mkangano waukulu adani awo ndi anthu. Mchere; kutetezera nawonso interlocks kuwonongeka zachilengedwe a organic - ambiri, iwo kutembenukira izo kuchokera mkombero chilengedwe cha kuwonongeka ndi chilengedwe.
3. Galasi. Glass ndipo magulu zosiyanasiyana mwinamwake mtundu amakezana a "zinyalala zopangidwa ndi anthu." Pa dzanja limodzi, ali inert ndipo musati muzitulutse mu chilengedwe, musati poizoni mpweya ndi madzi. Komabe, kwa chiwerengero mokwanira lalikulu la galasi wawononga malo achilengedwe - dera la zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, nyama amavulala ndi kufa popanda njira chitetezo omwazikana zidutswa lakuthwa - ndipo ichi osanenapo anachitazi kwa anthu eni. Akuti kukula kwa galasi ndi za zaka chikwi. ana athu kutali adzakhala ndi kugonjetsa nyenyezi lakutali, ndipo mabotolo kuponyedwa zinyalala nazo lero, akadali nthawizonse mu nthaka. Galasi zinyalala si nkhani yofunika kwambiri, choncho chiwerengero chawo kuchulukitsa ndi kudutsa chaka.

Zinyalala "sing'anga mwamphamvu"

1. Pulasitiki. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala pulasitiki tsopano zodabwitsa - losavuta enumeration mitundu yace kutenga masamba angapo. Izo sizikanakhala kusinjirira kunena kuti lero mapulasitiki kuchita pafupifupi chilichonse - CD ndi banja zipangizo, mabotolo, zovala, zida ndi magalimoto, ziwiya ndi ma yatchi. Linawola galasi pulasitiki ndi kawiri mofulumira - zaka 500 zokha. Koma mosiyana ndi iye, nthawi anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe poizoni. Komanso, ena mwa katundu pulasitiki kupanga izo "wangwiro wakupha." anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti ku nyanja dziko anali lonse "chilumba" ya mafunde anabweretsa mabotolo, timachubu, matumba ndi ena "mbiri" wa zinyalala. Iwo kuwononga mamiliyoni zamoyo m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame nyanja sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zidutswa pulasitiki chakudya, ndi mwachibadwa amafa clogging thupi. mowa zinyalala mapulasitiki ndi limodzi mwa mavuto aakulu kwambiri zachilengedwe masiku ano.
2. zinyalala zitsulo, ngati katundu mafuta, ena zinyalala mankhwala, ndiponso kumanga zinyalala galimoto (kuphatikizapo matayala). Zonsezi amadetsa chilengedwe mwamphamvu kwambiri (makamaka ngati mukuganiza lonse), koma kuvunda ndi mofulumira - kwa zaka 30-50.

Kwambiri "katundu" zinyalala

1. Kuwononga munali mankhwala enaake. Wosweka thermometers ndi nyali, ena zipangizo zina. Tonse kumbukirani kuti wosweka Mercury thermometer anakhala gwero la mavuto vuto lalikulu - ana yomweyo achotsedwa madera "zonyansa", pamene akulu mosamala kwambiri anasonkhanitsa 'rumblings "pansi mipira madzi zitsulo. The kawopsedwe muyeso wa mankhwala enaake Amachitanso owopsa kwa munthu ndi dothi - chaka chilichonse makumi matani zakuthupi kukamutaya kuchititsa kuwonongeka mpaka kalekale chilengedwe. N'chifukwa chake Mercury anatumizidwa woyamba (wapamwamba) kalasi ngozi - bungwe zinthu zapadera yolandirira zinyalala munali mankhwala enaake ndipo muli ndi zinthu zimenezi oopsa anayikidwa mu muli womata, zaikidwa ndi kusungidwa mpaka nthawi yabwino, pamene iwo akhoza bwinobwino kuwataya - kwa mphindi yobwezeretsanso wa Mercury ndi inefficient kwambiri.
2. Mabatire. Mabatire, banja, mafakitale ndi mabatire magalimoto muli osati kutsogolera, koma chidulo cha safuriki, komanso mndandanda wa zinthu zina poizoni, kuchititsa ngozi yoopsa kwambiri chilengedwe. Mmodzi wamba batire, amene muli ku TV kutali ndi kuponyedwa pa msewu, poizoni ambiri mamita lalikulu la nthaka. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, m'mizinda yambiri yaikulu anaonekera mfundo deta yam'manja chifukwa mabatire ntchito zapakhomo ndipo migolo, lomwe limasonyeza chiopsezo anafunsa ndi zinyalala zoterozo.
3. Nyukiliya zinyalala. Ambiri woopsawo zinyalala - imfa ndi chiwonongeko mu maonekedwe ake kopambana. zinyalala za nyukiliya mu ndende zokwanira kuwononga zamoyo zonse, ngakhale popanda mwachindunji kukhudzana. Ndithudi, palibe m'modzi adzawona kutaya anakhala ndodo mafuta mu akhala akutayirapo dothi ndi - masungidwe andalama ndi kutaya zinyalala ku "heavy" ndi ndondomeko kwambiri. Pakuti otsika mlingo ndi mlingo wapakatikati zinyansi (ndi yochepa theka moyo), muli zosiyanasiyana zimene zimapanga utsi ndizodzazidwa ndi simenti matope kapena phula. Pambuyo atapita hafu ya moyo, zinyalala akhoza kuwataya zinyalala ngati wamba. Waudindo zinyalala kukonzedwa ntchito yachiwiri ya umisiri zovuta ndi mtengo. Full wa pamwamba pa zinyalala processing "zitsulo zauve" pa mlingo lino la zaumisiri, Sikutheka ndi iwo anayikidwa mu muli wapadera, kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali - mwachitsanzo, ureniamu-234 theka moyo pafupifupi zikwi zana limodzi zaka!

Mtima vuto zinyalala mu dziko lamakono

M'zaka za m'ma 21, vuto la kuwononga zinyalala ndi chimodzi mwa yovuta kwambiri ndi maganizo. Chomwecho osiyana ndi maganizo izo maboma a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. M'mayiko ambiri Western, vuto la processing ndi yobwezeretsanso zinyalala ndi yofunika kwambiri - kulekana zinyalala banja akutsatiridwa ndi processing otetezeka, mazana a mafakitale kwa yobwezeretsanso, wapadera kuteteza malo kutaya zinthu zoopsa kwambiri ndi poizoni. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, lamulo "sanali zinyalala chuma" m'mayiko ena - dongosolo limene zingagwiritsidwenso zinyalala adzakhala wofanana 100%. Kwambiri kudzanja ichi takhala Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Scotland ndi Netherlands.

Mu mayiko lachitatu dziko ndalama ndi gulu processing mwadongosolo ndi yobwezeretsanso zinyalala kumeneko. Izi zimachititsa landfills yaikulu kumene zinyalala oyang'anira tauni mchikakamizo cha mvula, dzuwa ndi mphepo zimatulutsa utsi kwambiri poizoni, chiphe mozungulira onse makumi makilomita. Mu Brazil, Mexico, India, Africa, mazana a mahekitala zinyalala woopsawo anazungulira Mipikisano miliyoni-mzinda, amene tsiku yothandiza awo "nkhokwe" ndi zinyalala latsopano ndi latsopano.

Njira zonse za ndiyotani pakuchotsa zinyalala

1. Zinyalala mu landfills. The njira yofala kutaya zinyalala. Ndipotu zinyalala ndi kuchotsedwa monga asakuoneka, izo kunja kwa chitseko. Ena landfills ndi kusunga zosakhalitsa isanafike processing pa chomera zinyalala, ndi ena, makamaka m'mayiko lachitatu dziko kukula kokha mu kukula.
2. Landfilling zinyalala Zolongosoledwa. zinyalala zoterozo zambiri "kutukuka". processing ake ndi otsika mtengo komanso mogwira mtima kwambiri. Pafupifupi m'mayiko onse European Western asamukira dongosolo zinyalala osiyana, ndi kutaya pa "Mipikisano" phukusi ndi banja zinyalala anapereka chilango choopsa kwambiri.
3. Incinerators. Zomera amenewa anawononga ntchito zinyalala kutentha. Malinga mtundu wa zinyalala ndi mphamvu chuma, ntchito umisiri zosiyanasiyana.
4. Moto ndi mphamvu kuchira zinyalala. Tsopano koposa ayenga ndi kusintha kwa luso kwa kupanga mphamvu zinyalala - mwachitsanzo, mu Sweden "zinyalala mphamvu" anapereka 20% ya zofuna za dziko. dziko wayamba kumvetsa kuti zinyalala - ndi ndalama.
5. Processing. A mbali yaikulu ya zinyalala akhoza zobwezerezedwanso ndi reused. Ndi mmene pazipita disposability tsopano kufunafuna m'mayiko olemera. Mophweka kwambiri yobwezeretsanso ndi mapepala, matabwa ndi chakudya zinyalala.
6. Kuteteza ndi kusunga. Njira ntchito kwambiri woopsawo ndi poizoni zinyalala - Mercury, yosungirako nyukiliya.

Vuto zinyalala nazo ndi yobwezeretsanso mu Russia

Russia pankhaniyi utsalira maiko otukuka. Complicating Chinthu ndi lalikulu, ambiri mwa makampani lotha, boma la chuma Russian, ndi zimene ziyenera kuvomerezedwa, mtima zoweta kuti bwino mawu otchuka nyumbayi zogona ndi kusafuna kwambiri za anansi kudziwa za mavuto.

Amene ayenera kukhala

Sweden anafika mlingo wa yobwezeretsanso ndi kasamalidwe zinyalala kuti sikunali kokwanira! Asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda ngakhale kuthandiza mu nkhani Norwegians iyi, mtengo kulongosola banja ndi mafakitale awo zinyansi.

The Japanese komanso kudabwa ndi anzawo - mu Japan 98% wa zitsulo ntchito wachiwiri. Komanso posachedwapa, asayansi Japanese anapeza mabakiteriya kuti kudya pulasitiki! Malinga ndi ziwerengero yochenjera izi yaying'ono-zamoyo m'tsogolo adzakhala njira yaikulu ya yobwezeretsanso polyethylene.