Zilango mu mfundo. ndi chiweruzo, mitundu ya chiweruzo chimene

chiweruzo ndi mtundu wa maganizo, azilimbikirazi kapena kukana chirichonse za kukhalako kwa zinthu, ndi maulalo pakati pa iwo ndi katundu, komanso ubale pakati pa zinthu.

Zitsanzo za mawu: "The Volga amalowa m'Nyanja Caspian," "AS Pushkin analemba ndakatulo "The Mkuwa pamahatchi", "Siberia nyalugwe ndi kutchulidwa Red Book," etc.

Kapangidwe ka chiweruzo

Chiweruzo zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi: nkhaniyi, mkhalidwe, ndi mitsempha quantifier.

1. Mutu (balati subjektum -. «Zenizeni») - kuti, ananena mu chiweruzo, mutu wake ( «S»).
2. Mkhalidwe (Latin praedicatum -. «Anati") - kuonetseredwa kwa chinthu chiziwitso, zimene zikunenedwa pa mutu wa chiweruzo ( "P").
3. Mtolo - chiŵerengero pakati pa phunziro ( «S») ndi mkhalidwe ( "P"). Mzimuyo pamaso / pakalibe nkhani ya katundu chimaonetsera mkhalidwe wa. Mwina amasonyeza, ndipo atalonjeza "mukapeza" kapena mawu "a" ( "si"), "ali", "ndi", "chinthu" ndi ena.
4. Quantifier (quantifier mawu) amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mfundo, kumene mutu wa chiweruzo. Iwo anaimirira patsogolo pa phunziro, koma angakhalenso kwina chiweruzo. Amaimira mawu monga "onse", "ambiri", "ena", "ayi", "ayi", ndipo ena.

mawu woona ndi wabodza

Chiweruzo ndi mmene zilili kumene pali umboni, katundu ndi maubwenzi zinthu ovomerezeka / kumukana chiweruzo, woona. Mwachitsanzo: "Kodi kumeza Onse - mbalame", "9 oposa 2" ndi zina zotero ..

Mfundo ali chiweruzo si zoona, ife tikuchita ndi mfundo zabodza 'dzuwa chimazungulira Dziko Lapansi, "" A kilo wa chitsulo wolemera kwambiri kuposa kilogalamu wa thonje "ndi zina chiweruzo zabwino chifukwa cha mfundo zolondola ..

Komabe, kuwonjezera pa mfundo ziwiri wofunika amene amapereka kukhala kaya zoona kapena zabodza, palinso Mipikisano ooneka enieni maganizo. Malinga ndi mawu ake, chiweruzo mwina akadali chosadziwika. Makamaka izo nkhawa tsogolo la chiweruzo munthu, "Mawa zimachitika / sizichitika nkhondo panyanja" (Aristotle, "Pa kutanthauzira"). Ngati tingayerekezere kuti ndi akufunazo woona, nyanja nkhondo mawa sizingatheke. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti izo zichitike. Kapena mosinthanitsa: ankanena kuti chiweruzo mu kamphindi lili chonyenga mom ndikosatheka kofunika mawa nyanja nkhondo.

Zilango mtundu wa mawu

Monga amadziwika, mtundu wa mawu mitundu itatu ya ziganizo: declarative, mukubwadamuka ndi mafunso. Mwachitsanzo, chiweruzo "Ine ndikukumbukira mphindi zodabwitsa" akunena za mtundu wa Nkhani. Iwo m'pofunika kuti afotokoze zimenezi lachiweruzo komanso ofotokoza. Lili tsatanetsatane, malinga zapadera.

Nawonso chiganizo interrogative lili funso, kupeza yankho: "Kodi tsogolo ine," Pa nthawi yomweyo akuti kanthu ndi samakana. Motero, amanena kuti chiweruzo ndi funso molondola. Interrogative chiganizo, mfundo lilibe chiweruzo chifukwa funso sangathe kusiyanitsidwa pa maziko a choonadi / Bodza.

Chingatilimbikitse mtundu wa chiweruzo aumbike mwa choncho kumene ena chingatilimbikitse kuchita mufunsire loletsa: ". Nyamuka, Mneneri, ndi vid ndiponso kupezeka kwa" Ndi Za chiweruzo, mu maganizo ofufuza ena, iwo ali bwana wa mtundu uwu. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zosiyanasiyana maweruzo modal.

khalidwe chiweruzo

Kumbali ya quality, chiweruzo ikhoza kukhala inde (S ndi P), ndi zoipa (S si P). Pankhani ya chiweruzo inde, kudzera nkhani mkhalidwe Ufumuyo chuma ena (-wa). Mwachitsanzo: ". Leonardo da Vinci - Italy wa zojambulajambula, wamanga, ziboliboli, wasayansi, zachilengedwe ndi zatsopano ndi wolemba, woimira yaikulu ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano luso"

Mu chiweruzo zoipa, Komano, chuma wachotsedwa phunziro: ". Chiphunzitsochi ya chimango 25 la James Vicary alibe chitsimikizo experimental"

kachulukidwe mapangidwe

Poweruza milandu mfundo zingakhale zofala (zokhudza zinthu zonse kalasi), mabungwe (ena mwa iwo) ndi unit (pamene akulankhula za nkhaniyi, pali m'modzi yekha). Mwachitsanzo, akhoza anati ngati akufunazo monga "Usiku amphaka onse ndi imvi" adzafotokoza kuti maonekedwe onse, chifukwa amakhudza anthu onse mu mphaka (phunziro la chiweruzo). Kukondweretsa "Ena njoka si chakupha" - chitsanzo cha chiweruzo payekha. Nawonso chiweruzo "Dnieper odabwitsa mu nyengo bata" ndi unit, popeza tikulankhula wina mtsinje, maonekedwe limodzi.

Zambiri ndi zovuta maweruzo

Malinga mlathowo milandu akhale mtundu wa yosavuta kapena zovuta. Kapangidwe chiweruzo yosavuta awiri inakula mfundo (SP): «Book - gwero la chidziwitso". Palinso ziweruzo mfundo inayake - pamene lachiwiri anatanthauza okha kuti: "Zinali kukuda» (P).

mawonekedwe zovuta aumbike mwa kujowina chiweruzo angapo ophweka.

Gulu la chiweruzo yosavuta

Zambiri ziweruzo mu mfundo akhoza mitundu zotsatirazi: attributive, chiweruzo ndi mabwenzi, existential, modal.

Umunthu (chuma-chiweruzo) anatumiza ovomerezeka / kukana nkhani pa ena katundu (makhalidwe) ntchito. mudaweruza ndi categorical mawonekedwe osati kufunsidwa, "ndi zolengedwa zoyamwitsa mantha dongosolo tichipeza ubongo ubongo, msana ndi ochezeka njira mitsempha."

Ziweruzo ndi ulemu ubale mndandanda pakati zinthu. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi nkhani spatio-wosakhalitsa, causal, etc. Mwachitsanzo :. "bwenzi Old kuposa awiri watsopano", "wa hydrogen mbandakucha wa carbon dioxide ndi nthawi 22."

Existential chiweruzo - imeneyi kuti zonena za kukhalapo / kulibe ya nkhani (osauka abwino): "Palibe mneneri ku dziko la kwawo", "The Moon ndi Kanema wa Dziko Lapansi."

Modal akufunazo - mawonekedwe akusangalala, zimene zinaphatikizapo pamaso pa ena modal woyendetsa (muyenera zabwino / zoipa, zasonyeza kudziwika / wosadziwika, si ololedwa, ine ndikukhulupirira, ndi ena.). Mwachitsanzo:

• "Russia amafunika kuchita kusintha maphunziro" (alethic modality - kuthekera, kufunika chinachake).
• "Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa chitetezo wa munthu" (deontic modality - ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino a khalidwe chikhalidwe).
• "Kunyalanyaza a boma chuma kumabweretsa imfa yake" (axiologic modality - zokhudzana ndi nkhaniyo ndiponso makhalidwe abwino).
• "Ife timakhulupirira mu simunalakwe" (epistemic modality - kudalirika kwa nzeru).

Zovuta maweruzo mitundu ya connectives zomveka

Monga tanenera kale, ziweruzo zovuta zigwirizana wa wamba ochepa. Monga yogwirizana zomveka pakati pa iwo ndi njira monga:

• Molumikizana (a ʌ B - polumikiza chiweruzo). Ziweruzo conjuncts ndi gulu la "ndipo", "Mapologalamu a ufulu wa munthu ndi nzika sadzakhala kuphwanya ufulu wa ena."
• Disjunction (avb - kugawa chiweruzo). Monga zinthu constituent wa chiweruzo-Akumakambirananso ntchito monga binder - molumikizana "kapena". Mwachitsanzo: "A Chakuamba ali ndi ufulu kuwonjezera kapena kuchepa kukula kwa chonena."
• Asadafe (a → B - chiweruzo-zochitika). Ngati lolemba ndi allocated mu dongosolo kobvuta chiweruzo ndi chotero, zikhoza kukangana kuti chiweruzo chikukhudza implicative. Monga binder ntchito mu mawonekedwe a mayanjano monga "ngati ... ndiye". Mwachitsanzo: "Ngati kudzera wochititsa kuti muphonye magetsi, waya heats," "Kodi mukufuna kukhala osangalala - sangalalani".
• Pazikhala kufanana (a ≡ B - chiweruzo zofanana). Izo zikuchitika mu nkhani kumene khalidwe ndi b ali yemweyo (kapena woona kapena onse abodza): "Munthu analengedwa kuti chimwemwe, ngati mbalame kuuluka."
• Negation (¬a, A - chiweruzo-inversion). Aliyense gwero amagwirizana ndi mawu mawu pawiri amene amakana pachiyambi. Pogwiritsa ntchito "osati" gulu. Choncho, ngati mawu pachiyambi motere: "Ng'ombe sagwirizana ndi kuwala kofiira," (a) - kukanidwa kuti zikumveka: "Ng'ombe sakugonja ndi kuwala kofiira" (¬A).