Wazomangamanga - chibvomerezo, malonda kapena kuitana?

wamkulu aliyense, ngakhale kutali kwambiri luso ndi zomangamanga, akadali pa sukulu amadziwa kuti wamanga - ndi kapangidwe injiniya, kapitawo, mmisiri wake ndi womanga mwa munthu mmodzi. M'zaka za m'ma XIV, malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi academician A. I. Sobolevskogo, mawu akuti "mmisiri" wabwera Chirasha zolembalemba ya South Asilavo buku. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, osema, kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa mpingo kuchita zokongoletsa zawo ndiponso kupenta, atsogoleri zampingo.

Mbiri ya zomangamanga Russian

azambiriyakale ambiri a zomangamanga otchedwa nthawi ya mapangidwe Russian mwala mamangidwe a m'zaka XI. Pambuyo pa mapeto a X atumwi Prince Vladimir chinkhoswe kumayambiriro Christianity mu Russia, limodzi ndi kufala kwa chipembedzo anayamba kumanga mipingo ndi akachisi. Pakuti mumzinda wa Russia zakale wamanga zabwino - ndi wofunika kwambiri, umene Mzimuyo kukula ndi kukongola kwa akachisi ndi matchalitchi, ndipo, chotero, mlingo wa chikoka ndiponso mphamvu zimene iwo zinamangidwa pa amene ndalama. Isanafike nthawi yathu pa ntchito mwala wa zilandiridwenso mapulani pa nthawi imeneyo ingafikiridwe Sophia Cathedral ku Kiev ndi Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral ndi Chipata Mpingo wa Utatu agulupa ya Mapanga mu Kiev.

Zikamera wa mwambo Russian

Pakati XI XII kwa zaka zambiri. lililonse wamanga Russian - makamaka wophunzira amene anaphunzira zitsanzo za Byzantine kachipembedzo zomangamanga ndi chilengedwe cha akalambula wake, iye anayesera mwakukhoza kwa luso lawo, mphamvu ndiponso luso kubala zidindo.

Aulemerero kalonga komanso kumanga ntchito ku Novgorod XII atumwi, akhala atsopano "imitative." Kotala chachiwiri cha m'ma XII anakhala nthawi imene kutuluka ndi kukhala, masukulu awo awo Russian luso.

Mpaka cha m'ma XII, kumanga mipingo mwala ndi akachisi si maphunziro. Izo zinali kokha ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro Yuriya Dolgorukogo anayamba kumanga yogwira nyumba chipembedzo chachikhristu mwala. m'malo mwake, Andrew Bogolyubskii, wofunitsitsa kuti awonjezere ulemerero wa Vladimir ukulu komanso nyumba mwala.

Lero, izo zikhoza ankanena kuti nthawi ya ulamuliro Andreya Bogolyubskogo anapanga Russian sukulu ya mapulani, amene pambuyo pake anali ndi mwayi kukopa kwake pa amisiri wa maukulu ena kuti chikanachitika m'nthawi ya ndewu ang'onoang'ono ndi kugawikana kwa Russia.

masukulu awiri a zomangamanga Russian

Pamene Prince Vsevolod ya Big Nest, lamanja la Vladimir-Suzdal dziko pambuyo Bogolyubsky, pali zinthu zatsopano mu njira luso ndi luso mapulani, Izi zidzapangitsa kuti zikamera wa masukulu awiri a zomangamanga m'tsogolo. Choyamba, otchedwa Vladimir School, anapitiriza mwambo wa tingachipeze powerenga chinyumba choyera-mwala, mu nkhani iyi, kuchita zovuta chosema yokongola. oimira ake ankagwira ntchito Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal ndi Nizhny Novgorod. The sukulu chachiwiri, Rostov, yodziwika ndi osakaniza zochititsa chidwi ya njerwa ndi mfundo za mwala woyera. anthu ake anamanga ku Yaroslavl ndi Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod ndi Pskov miyambo

sukulu ili anabadwa, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, m'zaka XI, pamene tchalitchi Novgorod Sofia anamangidwira. Komabe, ukuyenda mwa miyambo imeneyi kunayamba theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XIV - nthawi ya pazipita mphamvu ndi chuma cha Republic Novgorod. Zitsanzo olemekezeka kwambiri ndi kwambiri nthawi imeneyi ndinu Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro pa Ilin Street ndi Fedora Stratilata pa Creek.

Pskov mapulani mwambo ali pafupi kwambiri Novgorod, koma akatswiri kuwasiyanitsa ali peculiarities yake. Zolengedwa chidwi kwambiri Pskov mapulani - uli Mpingo wa St. Nicholas ndi chinachepa ndi, Basil pa Hill, Kuzma ndi Damian ndi okhala ndi ena.

Kamangidwe ka Moscow ukulu

Mu zaka XIV-XV, tanthauzo la ndale za Muscovy chimaonekadi kuchuluka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ukuyenda bwino ntchito yomanga ndi zomangamanga. Miyambo ya zomangamanga, kupangidwa mu Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, anali bwinobwino atenga Moscow akatswiri. The cha m'ma XV tinganene kuti chiyambi ndi mapangidwe a sukulu Moscow a zomangamanga. Ndi imeneyi zilipo Cathedral wa Akukwera pa tauni Zvenigorod.

Maluwa a sukulu Moscow a zomangamanga chinachitikira ndi ulamuliro wa Ivan III, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV. The wamanga lalikulu la nthawi, Chitaliyana Aristotle Fioravanti anamanga Mfundo Cathedral mu Moscow Kremlin.

Russian mapulani miyambo ya Ufumu

Ivanom Groznym ufumu kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa Russia mu ufumu kumene kunachitika m'zaka XVI, wakhala kutsogolera mphamvu pa chitukuko cha muzochitika zones za moyo chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo zomangamanga. Pa nthawi imeneyi, katswiri wa zomangamanga - uyu si kum'manga akachisi, mipingo ndi zipinda kalonga. Ndi kuyamba kumanga mwala woyamba linga - boma la Russia. Mmodzi wa amisiri wotchuka kwambiri, omanga wa forts anali Fyodor Kon, amene anamanga mpanda wa White City mu Moscow, Smolensk Kremlin, komanso khoma Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin ndi Simonov mchitidwe umenewu.

Komanso, chidutswa chapadera cha ntchito mapulani ndi St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Pokrovsky), limene, mogwirizana ndi Baibulo limodzi, anakwezedwa ndi Pskov mapulani Postnik Yakovlev mkulu wa Ivana Groznogo.

Peter umodzi

Art mbiri ndi wojambula I. E. Grabar otchedwa Russia dziko la mapulani. neno ili bwinobwino akhoza zimachitika mumzinda wa St. Petersburg, limene, mogwirizana ndi Mfumu Peter ine, chinali kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa Moscow Russia ku Ulaya. Pa ntchito yomanga "mwana Petrov" - St. Petersburg - kugwirizana, kucheza ndi kupikisana ndi wina mapulani ena anaitanidwa kuchokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana ndipo Russian mapulani. Mayina monga Giovanni Domenico Trezzini ndi Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli ndi Johann Georg Mattarnovi muyaya alembedwa mbiri mapulani a mzindawo pa Neva. Peter, amene mokwanira kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga likulu latsopano la ambuye yachilendo, azungu kuika chikhalidwe chawo kotero kuti iwo ankaphunzitsa othandizira awo Russian ndi ophunzira zamanja ndi "luso" imene adzalandira. Munthu woyamba ngati "homegrown" mapulani anakhala wothandizira ndi mwana Trezzini, Zemtsov ndi Eropkin. Mu chitukuko patsogolo ndi kumanga mzinda anapezeka ndi mapulani amenewa wotchuka wa St. Petersburg monga Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, mwana wa Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, ndi khamu la zosachepera amisiri kwambiri.

m'malo mapeto

zomangamanga Russian zaka zambiri osati anayamba ake enieni, mayiko ambiri. Kusintha moyo ndale, chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe, zimavuta ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana - zonsezi kunathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha si Russian yekha ndi Soviet, komanso zomangamanga Russian. Lero dziko lonse imakhumbira osati ntchito za F. kavalo, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov ndi Kazakov. Wazomangamanga Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, ndi ena ambiri ndi zilandiridwenso ndi luso anasonyeza mkulu mlingo wa zomangamanga otchechestvennogo.