Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu sulfure

Sulfa - zofala mu chikhalidwe mankhwala mchitidwe (zili chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi mu matanthwe a pansi padziko ndi chimodzi - madzi achilengedwe). Pali onse sulfure mbadwa (ufulu boma mchitidwe) ndi kugwirizana kwake.

Sulfa m'chilengedwe

Mwa zofunika mchere zachilengedwe sulfure angatchedwe chitsulo galasi, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Nyanja zili makamaka mu mawonekedwe a kashiamu sulphate, magnesium ndi sodium wochuluka kuchititsa chinthu chimodzimodzi madzi achilengedwe.

Momwe sulfure?

M'zigawo miyala sulfure opangidwa ndi njira zosiyana. The njira yaikulu ya sulfure ndi yadothi ake mwachindunji mu situ.

Open njira migodi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito anakumba zinthu zakale, kuchotsa zigawo zinyalala thanthwe kuphimba miyala sulfuric. Pambuyo onongani miyala msoko ndi bursts walangizidwa seroplavilny mbewu zawo.

Makampani, sulfure analandira monga chochokera kwa njira mu ng'anjo kwa kusungunuka, pa kuyenga. Lalikulu zedi, ndi kupezeka gasi (mu mawonekedwe a woipa sulfure kapena sulfide wa hydrogen), m'zigawo umene unayikidwa pa makoma a zipangizo ntchito. Atsekerezedwa mpweya kuchokera sulfure ntchito makampani chabwino mankhwala monga zipangizo kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Nkhanizi angathe kukonzekera kwa zachilengedwe ndi sulfure woipa. Kuchita izi, ntchito njira Claus. Amakhala mu ntchito "maenje sulfure" yomwe pali degassing sulfure. Chifukwa ndi sulfure kusinthidwa ankagwiritsa ntchito yopanga phula.

Kuweta allotropic kusinthidwa sulfure

Sulfa chibadidwe allotropy. A ambiri zosintha allotropic. Yotchuka kwambiri ndi orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (singano) ndi sulfure pulasitiki. Woyamba zosintha ziwiri khola, wachitatu pa solidification ali n'kukhala rhombic a.

The thupi katundu zomwe sulfure

Mamolekyulu wa orthorhombic (α-S) ndi monoclinic (β-S) muli zosintha 8 maatomu sulfure; ogwirizana mu kuzungulira chatsekedwa mwa maunyolo umodzi covalent.

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, sulfure ali kusinthidwa rhombic. Ndi chikasu crystalline wolimba ndi osalimba wa 2,07 g / masentimita ^3. Lingasungunuke pa 113 ° C. Monoclinic sulfure kachulukidwe ndi 1,96 g / masentimita ^3, limatsogolera ake kutentha ndi 119,3 ° C.

Pa kusungunuka ukuwonjezeka sulfure mu Volume ndipo madzi chikasu amene akutembenukira bulauni pa 160 ° C ndi n'kukhala ndi viscous woderapo misa akafike za 190 ° C. Pa kutentha pamwamba mtengo iyi kukhuthala sulfure amachepetsa. Pafupifupi 300 ° C izo kachiwiri amakhala madzi flowable boma. Ichi ndi chifukwa mu ndondomeko Kutentha ndi polymerized sulfure, ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha kuwonjezeka unyolo kutalika. Ndipo pamene mtengo wa kutentha pa 190 ° C pali chiwonongeko mayunitsi polymerized.

Pa yozizira Sungunulani sulfure mwachibadwa aumbike mwa crucibles cylindrical otchedwa mtanda sulfure - timibulu rhombic miyeso lalikulu, ndi mawonekedwe olakwika octahedrons ndi mwina "kudula" m'mbali kapena ngodya.

Ngati zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zosungunula pansi pa othetsa (mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira), n'zotheka kupeza sulfure pulasitiki, ndi ndinapirira rubbery misa ya bulauni kapena mdima mtundu wofiira, ndi osalimba a 2,046 g / masentimita ^3. kusinthidwa ichi, mosiyana ndi orthorhombic ndi monoclinic ndi osakhazikika. Pang'onopang'ono (pa maola angapo), chingasinthe mtundu wachikasu, amakhala Chimaona ndi kwasanduka rhombic a.

Pamene kuzizira nthunzi sulfure (otentha kwambiri) madzi asafe mitundu purpurea kusinthidwa ake, amene ndi khola pa kutentha m'munsimu opanda 80 ° C.

Sing'anga amadzimadzi pafupifupi insoluble sulfure. Komabe yodziwika ndi solubility zabwino solvents organic. Osauka wochititsa magetsi ndi kutentha.

Kuwira mfundo ya sulfure ndi 444,6 ° C. Otentha ndondomeko limodzi ndi kumasula fumes lalanje-chikasu wopangidwa makamaka a S ₈ mamolekyulu amene dissociate pa Kutentha wotsatira, chifukwa mu mapangidwe mgwirizano ndipamene S _6, S ₄ S _2. Komanso, pamene mkangano linawola mamolekyulu lalikulu, ndi pa kutentha pamwamba madigiri 900 awiriawiri zigwirizana makamaka a S ₂ mamolekyulu _dissociate mu maatomu pa 1500 ° C.

Kodi ali ndi katundu sulfure mankhwala?

Sulfa ndi mmene sanali zitsulo. Mankhwala yogwira. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa katundu sulfure amaoneka poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Pamene usavutike, izo zikhoza chikugwirizana ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse, limafotokoza zimene kukhalapo kwake kuvomerezedwa ores zachitsulo. Kupatulapo ndi pt, Au, I _2, N ₂ ndi mpweya osowa. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni amene amadera mu mankhwala sulfure, -2, +4, +6.

Katundu sulfure ndi mpweya chifukwa kuyaka ake mpweya. The chifukwa cha zimachitika izi mapangidwe woipa sulfure (CHONCHO ₂₎ ndi sulfure (CHONCHO ₃₎ anhydrides kuti apange zidulo sulfurous ndi sulfuric.

Firiji, katundu kuchepetsa sulufule ndi kuwonetseredwa yekha mu ulemu wa fluorine mu anachita imene imagwiritsidwa sulfure hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Pa Kutentha (mu Sungunulani a) anachitira ndi chlorine, phosphorous, pakachitsulo, mpweya. Zimene ndi wa hydrogen sulfide Kuwonjezera wa hydrogen mitundu sulfane ophatikizana ambiri chilinganizo H ₂ S _H.

Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni katundu anati sulfure ndi anachita ndi zitsulo. Nthawi zina, munthu angaone ndithu titangokhalako. Mogwirizana kwa sulfides zitsulo aumbike (mankhwala sulfure) ndi polysulfides (mnogosernistye zitsulo).

Yaitali Kutentha anatani ndi zidulo amphamvu, oxidants, mmene oxidized.

Kenako, ganizirani katundu zikuluzikulu za mankhwala a sulfa.

woipa sulfure

Sulfa okusayidi (IV), umatchedwanso woipa sulfure ndi sulfurous anhydride, ndi mpweya (colorless) ndi lakuthwa fungo lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma. Amamuchititsa kuti liquefied opanikizika firiji. CHONCHO ₂ ndi okusayidi acidic. Iwo yodziwika ndi wabwino madzi solubility. Izi amalenga ofooka, wosakhazikika sulfurous asidi, amene alipo yekha mu amadzimadzi njira. Zimene woipa sulfure ndi sulfites soda anapanga.

Iwo ali m'malo okwezeka ntchito mankhwala. kutchulidwa kwambiri ndi katundu wa kuchepetsa okusayidi sulfure (IV) mankhwala. Zimenezi ali limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfure.

Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni mankhwala katundu akuwonetseredwa okusayidi sulfure pamaso pa nthumwi amphamvu kuchepetsa (mwachitsanzo, mpweya monoxide).

trioxide sulfure

Sulfa trioxide (sulfure woipa) - ndi okusayidi apamwamba a sulfa (VI). M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi colorless oyaka madzi ndi fungo lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma. Amamuchititsa amaundana pa mfundo m'munsi kutentha kuposa madigiri 16,9. Pankhaniyi, chisakanizo cha zosintha osiyana galasi la trioxide olimba sulfure. Mkulu sulfure okusayidi hygroscopic katundu chifukwa chake "dymlenie" mu zikhalidwe za mpweya lonyowa. Chifukwa, mapangidwe m'malovu asidi sulfuric.

sulfide wa hydrogen

Haidrojeni sulfide ndi bayinare mankhwala pawiri wa hydrogen ndi sulfure. H ₂ S - ndi poizoni colorless gasi, mbali khalidwe la amene ali wokoma kukoma ndi fungo la mazira owola. Lingasungunuke pa kutentha opanda 86 ° C ndi zithupsa pa -60 ° C. Thermally osakhazikika. Pa kutentha amayamikira kuposa 400 ° C amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa sulfide haidrojeni kwa S ndi H _2. Iwo yodziwika ndi solubility zabwino mu Mowa. madzi amasungunula bwino. Chifukwa cha kuvunda mu madzi ndipamene sulfide wa hydrogen asidi ofooka. Haidrojeni sulfide ndi amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila.

Flammable. Mu kuyaka mpweya wake angaone buluu lawi. Mu woipa mkulu akhoza kutani ndi zitsulo zambiri.

chidulo cha safuriki

chidulo cha safuriki (H _{2 4)} angakhale woipa zosiyanasiyana ndi ungwiro. Boma anhydrous ndi colorless wochuluka madzi opanda fungo.

kutentha pa zomwe mankhwala isungunuke, ndi 10 ° C. Kuwira mfundo ndi 296 ° C. madzi amasungunula bwino. Pamene kusungunuka sulfuric asidi hydrates anapanga, ndi wambirimbiri kutentha. Kuwira mfundo njira amadzimadzi pa mavuto 760 mamilimita Hg. Art. woposa 100 ° C. Kuwonjezeka kuwira mfundo amapezeka ndi kuwonjezeka asidi ndende.

The katundu asidi zakuthupi kuwonekera mogwirizana ndi oxides zofunika ndi zapansi. H _{2 4} diacid, motero akhoza kupanga monga sulfates (salt sing'anga) ndi hydrosulfates (acidic mchere), ambiri amene ali sungunuka m'madzi.

Izi bwino kwambiri akuwonetseredwa katundu asidi sulfuric mu zochita redox. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zikuchokera H _{2 4} pa mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfure (6). Mwachitsanzo kuwonekera kwa katundu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni asidi sulfuric kungachititse anachita ndi mkuwa:

• Cu + 2H _{2 4} = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + CHONCHO _2.

Sulfa: zothandiza katundu

Sulfa ndi kufufuza chinthu chofunika kwa zamoyo. Ndi mbali ya kwa amino zidulo (methionine ndi cysteine), michere ndi mavitamini. mchitidwe Izi zimafunika mapangidwe kapangidwe ukachenjede ya mapuloteni ndi. Kuchuluka kwa sulfure mankhwala omangidwa ali zonsezo, ndi kulemera kwa 0,8 kwa 2.4%. The zili amafotokozera mu thupi 2 gm pa makilogalamu 1 kulemera (i.e., za 0.2% sulfure).

Zothandiza zimatha amafotokozera kufufuza sitingalephere kukambapo. Kuteteza protoplasm magazi, sulfure ndi wothandizira yogwira ntchito thupi polimbana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izo zimatengera kuchuluka kwa clotting, kuti ndi mbali amatithandiza kusungabe mlingo wake mokwanira. Sulfa komanso n'chofunikira kukhalabe milingo wabwinobwino wa ya ndulu ndende opangidwa ndi thupi.

"Kukongola mchere" amangonena kuti, chifukwa n'kofunika kwambiri kuteteza umoyo wa khungu, tsitsi ndi misomali. Sulfa chibadwa kuteteza thupi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kungasokoneze zachilengedwe. Izi zimathandiza m'mbuyo ukalamba. Sulfa utisambitsa thupi la poizoni ndi kuteteza ku dzuwa, zomwe n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka panopa, chifukwa panopa zinthu zachilengedwe.

ndalama osakwanira wa kufufuza zinthu mu thupi kungachititse kuti kuchotsa osauka poizoni, chitetezo chokwanira otsika ndi nyonga.

Sulfa - wophunzira wa dzuwa bakiteriya. Ndi chigawo chimodzi cha bacteriochlorophyll ndi wa hydrogen sulfide - gwero la haidrojeni.

Sera: katundu ndi ntchito makampani

Ambiri ntchito sulfur kubala asidi sulfuric. Komanso katundu wa nkhaniyi kulola ntchito zake vulcanization ya labala monga fungicide mu ulimi ngakhalenso mankhwala (colloid sulfure). Komanso, sulfure ntchito yopanga machesi ndi nyimbo pyrotechnic, ndi mbali atapanga nyimbo serobitumnyh seroasfalta.